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INTRO TO PHARMACOLOG
Pharmacology for Health Professionals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a | before (ante) |
| a.c. | before meals |
| aka | also known as |
| ASA | aspirin |
| ad lib | as desired |
| APAP | acetaminoophen |
| AD | right ear |
| AS | left ear |
| AU | both ears |
| B.ID | twice a day |
| c | with |
| cap(s) | capsule or caplets |
| CR, C-R | controlled release |
| D | decongestant |
| DC | discharge(d) discontinue(d) |
| DR | drug resistant |
| D.S. DS | double strength |
| ER | extended release |
| ES | extra strength |
| FA | folic acid aka folate |
| GHB | date rape drug |
| h, hr | hour(s) |
| h.s. | hours of sleep |
| HS | half strength |
| HTN | hypertension, high blood pressure |
| IB | ibuprofen |
| IND | investigational new drug |
| K | potassium |
| KCl | potassium chloride |
| mEq | milliequivalents |
| MN | midnight, 2400 |
| MS | morphine sulfate |
| liq | liquid |
| MDR | multidrug resistant minimum daily requirement(s) |
| MSO4 | morphine sulfate |
| MgSO4 | magnesium sulfate |
| ND | non-drowsy |
| NIH | National Institute of Health |
| NKA | no known allergies |
| NKDA | no known drug allergies |
| NPO and n.p.o. | nothing by mouth |
| NR | no refills |
| O.D. or OD | right eye |
| O.D. or OS | left eye |
| O.U. or OU | both eyes |
| OTC | over the counter |
| p | after |
| p.c. and pc | after meals |
| Pt | patient |
| PCN | penicillin |
| PCA | patient controlled analgesia |
| Analgesia | condition of no pain |
| PRN and prn and p.r.n. | when necessary |
| q | every |
| qAM | every day before noon |
| QD and q.d. and Qd and qd | every day |
| qh and q.h. | every hour |
| q2h | every two hours |
| qhs | every hour of sleep (bedtime) |
| QID and qid and Q.I.D. and q.i.d. | four times a day |
| RDA | recommended daily allowance |
| RFs | refills |
| RPh | registered pharmacist |
| Rx | prescription (prescribe) |
| SSI | sliding scale insulin. Physician's insulin order based on BS. |
| BS | blood sugar |
| TID+t.i.d. | three times a day |
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition (hyperalimentation). Administering of all nutrients intravenously. |
| UD | unit dose |
| ung and oint | unguent, ointment |
| WNL | within normal limits |
| w/o | without |
| XL | extended length |
| XR | extended release |
| > | greater than |
| < | less than |
| = | equal to |
| ^ | change |
| Study of drugs and their interaction with living organisms (life forms is called | pharmacology |
| Administered (administration) | given (giving) |
| Therapeutic | beneficial |
| Medicine (medication) uses include: | 1. Preventing pathology (disease). 2.Diagnosing pathology (disease). 3. Treating pathology (disease) |
| Diagnosing | Identifying (pinpointing) pathology (disease) from signs (SX and symptoms (SX). |
| Prescription (Rx) | Physician's order to dispense (disp) medicine (medication) and or treatment (Tx) |
| Dispense (disp) | preparation and administration (giving) |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration. Regulates prescription (Rx) medications and OTC medications. |
| OTC | over the counter |
| tolerance | Needing an increased dosage for desired effects to a medication or drug. |
| Scheduled medications (drugs or controlled medications (drugs) | Medications or drugs having the potential (capability) for addiction (abuse). |
| As the number of a scheduled medication or drug decreases the addiction (abuse) potential | increases |
| Potential | capability |
| Schedule 1 medications/drugs include: | 1. Heroin. 2. LSD 3. Marijuana (cannabis) 4. Ecstasy 5. Quaalude (methaqualone) 6. Peyote 7. Crack cocaine. |
| Schedule II medications/drugs include: | 1. Cocaine 2. Methamphetamine. 3. Methadone 4. Dilaudid (hydromorphone) 5.Demorol (meperidine) 6. OxyContin (oxycodone) 7.Adderall (amphetamatine) 8. Ritalin (methylphenidate) |
| Schedule III medications/drugs include: | 1. Vicodin 2. Codeine 3. Ketamine (anesthetic) 4. Anabolic steroids 5. Testosterone |
| Schedule IV medications/drugs include: | 1. Valium (diazepam) 2. Librium (chlordiazepoxide) 3. Ambien (zolpidem) 4. Xanax (alprazolam) 5. Ativan (lorazepam) |
| Schedule V medications/drugs include: | 1. Lomotil (diphenoxylate + atropine) 2. Lyrica 3. Cough suppressants (antitussive + codeine) |
| Comprehensive (complete) information of all prescribed (ordered) and OTC(over the counter) medications (medicines) is called a: | pharmacopeia. |
| A reputable (trustworthy) pharmacopeia is abbreviated: | PDR or Physician's Desk Reference |
| The beneficial action of a medication is called the: | therapeutic effect. |
| Undesirable but not unexpected action(s) or a medication or drug is/are abbreviated: | SE which stands for side effect(s) |
| A common side effect (SE) of ASA is: | gastric upset |
| ASA stands for | aspirin |
| Gastric means: | pertaining to the stomach |
| Severe side effects (SE) are abbreviated ADR which stands for: | Adverse drug reaction(s) |
| An adverse drug reaction (ADR) of aspirin (ASA) is: | GI bleeding |
| GI stands for | gastrointestinal |
| Undesirable interaction of medications or drugs is called: | incompatibility |
| The antitubercolosis medication Rifidin (rifampin) is incompatible with BCP which stands for | birth control pills. |
| Reason(s) a medication should not be administered (given) is/are called (a) | contraindication. |
| Aspirin (ASA) is contraindicated for a client taking a medication classified to reduce clotting called an: | anticoagulant. |
| An exaggerated (enhanced or magnified) allergic reaction to a medication or drug is called: | anaphylaxis |
| Life threatening anaphylaxis is called: | anaphylactic shock 1. Loss of consciousness (LOC) 2. Urticaria (hives) 3. Lingual edema (tongue swelling) 4. dysphagia (difficulty swallowing 5. dyspnea (difficulty breathing) |
| A medication or drug that deactivates another medication or drug is called an | antagonist or antidote. |
| Narcan (naloxone) is classified as a | narcotic antagonist |
| Detailed guidelines for dispensing (preparation) a medicine is called a | medication protocol |
| dispensing | giving |
| Medications (medicine) administered (given) to prevent (protect) are called | prophylactics |
| Prophylactic (prevention or protection) medications include: | BCP - birth control pills aka OCP |
| OCP | oral contraceptive pills |
| Prophylactic medications include: | 1.Anti-infective medications aka antibiotics |
| Prophylactic means | preventive or protection |
| A unique reaction to a medication or drug is called | idiosyncrasy |
| unique | means uncommon |
| Tylenol #3 is a compound of | APAP and codeine |
| Prophylactic medications include | Vaccinations (vaccines) aka immunization. |
| Combining medications or drugs is abbreviated comp which stands for | compound |
| Combining medications or drugs to produce an exaggerated effect is called | synergism |
| Combining means | mixing |
| Tylenol #3 provides synergistic analgesia which means | exaggerated pain relief. |
| APAP stands for | acetaminophen |
| An undesirable synergistic (exaggerated) effect can occur with the combination ETOH and antihistamine causing unusual | drowsiness |
| ETOH stands for | alcohol or ethanol |
| Life threatening synergism can occur with the combination of ETOH (ethanol) and opioid such as | morphine or oxycodone or fentanyl |
| Synergism means | exaggerated effect |
| The name given to a medication when it is created is called the | generic name |
| Medications are prescribed (ordered) for their therapeutic effect which means | beneficial action |
| Generic names are usually recognized by: | 1. Being lower cased. 2. Being usually difficult to pronounce. 3. Being bracketed (surrounded) by parentheses. |
| The nick-name given to a generic drug so consumers will remember it easily is called the | trade name or brand name or product name |
| Trade name medications and their generic equivalent must contain exactly the same amount of | active ingredients |
| Ingredient(s) is/are | portions or parts |
| Trade names are usually recognized by | 1. By being capitalized (upper cased) 2. Being easy to pronounce. 3. Containing a registered symbol. 2. |
| Active ingredients are designed to provide a therapeutic effect which means | beneficial action |
| Portions (parts) permitted (allowed) to vary (differ) in trade name medications and their generic equivalents are called | inert ingredients or inactive ingredients |
| Inert ingredients (portions) include | 1. Binders 2. Fillers 3. Preservatives 4. Buffers |
| Pharmacists are permitted to substitute a generic equivalent for a prescribed trade name medication unless the prescribing physician requests no substitutions or DAW which means | dispense as written |
| Prescribe means | ordered |
| The margin (amount) between the beneficial level (amount) of a medication is abbreviated TI which means | therapeutic index |
| Toxic means | poison (poisonous) |
| A thin margin between the beneficial level and toxic (poisonous) level of a medication is abbreviated NTI which stands for | narrow therapeutic index |
| Margin, level and index mean | amount |
| A large initial amount of a medication administered (given) to quickly reach the therapeutic index (TI) is called | loading dose or bolus |
| Initial means | beginning. |
| Determining the smallest medication dosage that will produce a therapeutic index (TI) is called | titration (titrate) |
| Determining means | discovering |
| Dosage means | amount |
| A blood test to determine the concentration of a medication is abbreviated TDM which stands for | therapeutic drug monitoring |
| Determine means | discover |
| Concentration means | amount |
| A blood test o determine the highest amount of medication is called a | peak level |
| A blood test to determine the lowest amount of a medication is called a | trough level |
| Determine means | discover |
| An inert substance administered (given) to create a psychological and/or physiologic therapeutic (beneficial) effect is called a | placebo aka a "sugar pill". |
| Inert means | inactive |
| Most medications (drugs) are detoxified by the | liver |
| Detoxified means | counteracted |
| Medications are prescribed (ordered) for their | therapeutic (beneficial) effect. |
| Most medications (drugs) are excreted by the | kidneys |
| Excreted means | released |
| Most medications can be detected in a | urine specimen |
| Detected means | discovered |
| Specimen means | sample |
| All new pharmaceutical medications are protected by a patent lasting | 17 years |
| A medication patent means that | no other company can legally manufacture or market an identical medication. |
| The designed (planned) effect (action) of a medication is called the | classification. |
| Testable medication classifications in classroom presentations will be | underlined. |
| The classification of ASA (aspirin) include: | 1. Non-narcotic analgesic which means non-addictive pain reliever. 2. NSAID which stands for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. |
| The classifications of ASA (aspirin) include: | 1. Antipyretic which means against fever. 2. Anticoagulant which means against clotting. |
| Medications classified to treat malignancies are called: | antineoplastics aka chemotherapy |
| Malignancies are | cancers that spread |
| Tablets designed to dissolve in water before swallowing are called | effervescents |
| Designed means | intended |
| Dissolve means | to liquefy |
| An example of enteric coated ASA is | Ecotrin |
| ASA stands for | aspirin |
| Enteric coated tablets have a special covering to | slow disintegration and help prevent the side effect (SE) of stomach upset. |
| A tablet with an indented line running across the top is called | scored |
| Indented means | notched |
| Tablets with a special covering to slow disintegration and help prevent the side effects of stomach upset are called | enteric coated |
| Disintegration means | dissolve (break up) |
| Medications designed (intended) to disintegrate slowly in the oral cavity (mouth) are called | lozenges or troches or pastilles |
| Disintegrate means | dissolve (break up), |
| A bottle (container) with a rubber diaphragm designed (intended) for hyperdermic needle insertion is called a | vial |
| Hypodermic means | under the skin |
| A bottle (container) with a narrow neck designed to break open is abbreviated amp which stands for | ampule |
| Liquid medications containing ETOH are called | elixirs (elix) or tinctures. |
| Liquid medications containing no alcohol (ETOH) are abbreviated syp which stands for | syrup |
| Medications are prescribed (ordered) for their | therapeutic (beneficial) effect (action) |
| Fat globules (droplets) dispersed (mixed) in water for injection is called | lipid emulsion |
| Medications(medicines) dispersed (mixed) in thickened water are called | gels |
| Undissolved medication mixed wit a liquid (water) just before administration (giving) is abbreviated amp which stands for | suspension |
| Since medication particles will settle, a suspension (susp.) must be | shaken well before use. |
| Routes of Administration: Route of administration (giving) means the path by which a medication is | taken into the body |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications to the skin or eyes or ears abbreviated top which stands for topical. |
| Topical (top) administration (giving) includes: | a. The abbreviation lot which stands for lotion. b. The abbreviation cr. which stands for cream. |
| Topical (top) administration (giving includes: | The abbreviation oint. and ung. which stand for ointment (unguentum) The abbreviation gt and gtts which stand for drop(s). |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications through the skin into the bloodstream abbreviated TD which stands for transdermal (patch) |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications PO or po or P.O or p.o. which stand for per (by) os (opening) aka by mouth or orally. |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications under the tongue abbreviated SL which stands for sublingual. |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications within the nose abbreviated IN which stands for intranasal. |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications through a tube inserted into a nostril (nare) and down to the stomach abbreviated NG (ng) which stands for nasogastric. |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications through an artificial opening into the stomach abbreviated G tube which stands for gastrostomy tube. |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications through an artificial opening into the second (2nd) section of the small intestine abbreviated J tube which stands for jejunostomy tube. |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medication PR which stands for per rectum. Medications administered rectally usually refer to suppositories (ovules) or creams or foams or douches. |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications vag which stands for vaginally. Medications administered vaginally (vag) usually refer to suppositories (ovules) or creams or foams or douches. |
| Routes of administration include: | Giving medications by breathing in abbreviated INH which stands for inhalation. |
| Inhalation ( INH) administration (giving) includes: | A device that turns a liquid medication into a mist called a nebulizer or vaporizer or aerosol |
| Inhalation (INH) administration includes: | A device that delivers vaporized medication combined with oxygen (O2) under pressure abbreviated NPPV which stands for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. |
| NPPV is aka IPPB which stands for | intermittent positive pressure ventilation. |
| Routes of administration include: | 12. Giving medications within the windpipe abbreviated ET which stands for endotracheal. |
| PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION: Parenteral administration means | giving a medication through a hypodermic (under the skin) needle. |
| The use of a hypodermic (under the skin) needle to force medicated liquids into the body is abbreviated | INJ which stand injection. |
| The diameter (lumen) (distance across the center of a circle) of the opening of a hypodermic needle borehole is abbreviated | G which stands for gauge. |
| As the number of the hypodermic needle gauge (G) increases: | the borehole size decreases. |
| Guage (G) means | the diameter (lumen) of the opening of a hypodermic needle borehole |
| Examples of parenteral administration include; | 1. Injection (INJ or inj) of a medication within the dermis abbreviated ID which stands for intradermal. |
| The dermis is | the second (2nd) layer of the skin. |
| ID (intradermal) injections (INJ or inj) are commonly used to perform | TST which stands for tuberculin skin test(s) |
| Names associated with TST(tuberculin skin test) include: | a. Tine b. PPD c. Mantoux |
| Examples of parenteral admistration (giving) include | 2. Injection (INJ or inj) of a medication into the hypodermis (3rd) layer of the skin abbreviated subQ or subcu which stand for subcutaneous. |
| Subcutaneous (subQ) injections are commonly used to administer (give) | a. Allergy desensitization aka "allergy shots" b. Varivax which is a varicella vaccination to protect against chicken pox. c. An anticoagulant called heparin. |
| Subcutaneous (subQ) injections are commonly used to administer (give) | d. Zostavax which is a herpes zoster vaccination for clients 50 or older to reduce the incidence of shingles. |
| e. A local anesthetic called Xylocaine aka lidocaine f. EpiPen aka epinephrine or adrenaline.HBV which s | |
| g. A hormone to lower BS (blood sugar) is called insulin. | |
| Examples of parenteral administration (giving) include: | 3. Injection (INJ or inj) of a medication within a muscle abbreviated IM or I.M. which stand for intramuscular. |
| Intramuscular (IM) injections are commonly used to administer (give) | a. Cobalamin aka vitamin B12. b. Twinrix which is an immunization for the HAV and the HBV which stand for hepatitis A virus and Hepatitis B virus. |
| Intramuscular (IM) injections are commonly used to administer (give): | c. Gardasil or Cervarix which are immunizations for the HPV which stands for human papillovirus. d. Fluzone which is an immunization for influenza. |
| Examples of sadministration (giving) include: | 4. Injection (INJ or inj) of a medication within a vein abbeviated IV or I.V. which stands for intrafenous. |
| A small IV (intravenous) needle with plastic wings is called | a butterfly |
| Examples of parenteral administration (givinjg) include | 5. Rapid injection (INJ) of a medication within a vein abbreviated IVP which stands for intravenous push. |
| Examples of parenteral administration (giving) include: | 6. Secondary IV medication infused (added) to a primary IV infusion (addition) abbreviated IVPB which stands for intravenous piggyback. |
| Eamples of parenteral administration (giving) include | 7. Injection of a medication within a joint abbreviated IA which stands for intra-articular |
| Common IA injections include SAIDS which stands for | steroidal antiflammatory drug. |
| ED (epidural) Injections are aka | caudal (tail) injections. |
| Examples of parenteral administration include: | 9. Injections of a medications into the space below the arachnoid matter abbreviated IT which stands for intrathecal. |
| The arachnoid mater is the | middle meninx. |
| Common intrathecal IT injections include | a. Anesthesia which means condition of no feeling. b. Analgesia which means condition of no pain. |
| METRIC SYSTEM The amount of space a liquid occupies (fills) is abbreviated vol which stands for | volume |
| Occupies means | fills |
| L stands for | liter |
| Liter is a measurement of | volume |
| Volume is | the amount of space a liquid occupies (fills) |
| 1 liter equals 1000 mL which stands for | milliliters |
| A milliliter is the amount of liquid that occupies (fills) a cc which stands for | cubic centimeter |
| The heaviness of a substance is abbreviated WT which stands for | weight |
| g stands for | gram |
| Gram (g) is a measurement of | weight (WT) |
| 1 gram equals | 1000 milligrams |
| Weight (WT) | is the heaviness of a substance |
| mg stands for | milligram |
| Milligram is a measurement of | weight |
| 1 Milligram (mg) equals | 1000 mcg or micrograms |
| Micro means | is one part of 1 million parts |
| 1 gram equals | 1000 milligrams |
| 1 gram equals | 1 million micrograms |
| kg stands for | kilogram |
| Kilogram is a measurement of | weight |
| 1 kilogram equals | 1000 grams |
| kilo means | one thousand |
| M or m stands for | meter |
| Meter is a measurement of | length |
| 1 meter equals | One thousand or 1000 millimeters |
| To convert liters to milliliters | move the decimal three places to the right |
| To convert grams to milligrams | move the decimal 3 places to the right |
| To change meters to millimeters | move the decimal 3 places to the right. |
| 1.000 liters equal | 1000 milliliters(mL) |
| 1.000 grams equal | 1000 milligrams (mg) |
| 1.000 meters equal | 1000 millimeters (mm) |
| To convert mL to liters | move the decimal 3 places to the left |
| To convert mg to grams | move the decimal 3 places to the left |
| 1000. mg | equals 1 gram |
| 1000. mL | equal 1L |
| 1000. mm | equal 1 meter |
| Teaspoon is a measurement of | volume |
| Volume is | the amount of space that a liquid occupies |
| One teaspoon equals | 5 milliliters (mL) |
| A milliliter (mL) is the amount of liquid that occupies (fills) a cc | which stands for cubic centimeter. |
| Tbsp stands for | tablespoon |
| Tablespoon is a measurement of | volume |
| Tablespoon | equals 15 mL |
| How many teaspoons are in one tablespoon | three |
| Fl oz stands for | fluid ounce |
| Fluid ounce is a measurement of | volume |
| Volume is | the amount of space that a liquid occupies |
| One fluid ounce equals | 30 milliliters |
| One tablespoon equals | 15 mL |
| How many tablespoons are in one fluid ounce | 2 |
| One drinking glass equals | 8 fluid ounces or one cup |
| One fluid ounce | equals 30 mL |
| How many milliliters are in one cup | 8 x 30 mL = 240 mL |
| gal stands for | gallon |
| Gallon is a measurement of | volume |
| 1 gallon equals | 128 fl. ozs or 3.78 liters (L) |
| gr stands for | grain |
| Grain is a measurement of | weight |
| Weight | is the heaviness of a substance |
| One grain equals | 60 mg |
| Milligram means | 1/1000 of a gram |
| oz | stands for ounce |
| lb | stands for pounds |
| Ounces and pounds | are measures of weight |
| 1 pound | equals 16 ozs |
| 2.2 pounds | equals 1 kilogram |
| Dosage amount of medications is routinely based on | the client's weight measured in kg which stands for kilograms 1 kg = 1000 g = 2.2 pounds |
| The exact conversation from pounds to killograms | occurs by dividing the client's weight by 2.2 |
| Cm | stands for centimeter |
| Centimeter is a measurement | of length |
| 1 inch | 2.54 centimeters (cm) |
| Military time designates a | number for each hour of the day |
| Designates means | chooses |
| 0100 = | 1:00 oclock am |
| 1300 | 1:00 oclock pm |
| 2400 | 12:00 midnight |
| One minute after midnight is | 0100 |
| One minute before midnight | 0059 |
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bterrelonge
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