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science chapter 4
elements and periodic table
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atom | the smallest particle of an element |
| electrons | a negatively charged particle found outside of the nucleus of an atom |
| nucleus | central core of an atom :) |
| protons | a positively charged particle that is part of an atom's nucleus |
| energy level | the fixed amount of energy that a system described by quantum mechanics, such as a molecule, atom, electron, or nucleus, can have. |
| neutron | a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element |
| isotopes | each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei |
| mass number | the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. |
| atomic mass | the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units |
| periodic table | a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number |
| periods | a horizontal row of the periodic table |
| groups | a vertical column in the Periodic Table |
| chemical symbol | a notation of one or two letters representing a chemical element |
| plasma | an ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions |
| nuclear fusion | atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy |
| metal | a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity |
| malleable | able to be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking. |
| ductile | able to be drawn out into a thin wire. |
| conductivity | the degree to which a specified material conducts electricity |
| reactivity | the state or power of being reactive or the degree to which a thing is reactive |
| corrosion | the process of corroding metal, stone, or other materials |
| alkali metal | any of the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium, occupying Group |
| alkaline earth metals | the chemical element of atomic number 56, a soft white reactive metal of the alkaline earth group. |
| transition metals | any of the set of metallic elements occupying a central block |
| particle accelerators | an apparatus for accelerating subatomic particles to high velocities by means of electric or electromagnetic fields |
| nonmetals | an element or substance that is not a metal. |
| diatomic molecule | molecules composed of only two atoms |
| halogens | any of the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine |
| noble gases | any of the gaseous elements helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, occupying |
| metalloids | an element whose properties are intermediate between those of metals and solid nonmetals or semiconductors. |
| semiconductors | a solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals |
| radioactive decay | the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy |
| radioactivity | the emission of ionizing radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei. |
| alpha particle | a helium nucleus emitted by some radioactive substances |
| beta particle | a fast-moving electron emitted by radioactive decay of substances |
| gamma radiation | gamma rays. |
| tracers | a radioactive element or compound added to material to monitor the material's distribution as it progresses through a system |
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