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McCrary Unit 14
States of Consciousness unit 18-19 year
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| hypnosis | a social interaction where one person(subject) responds to another person's(hypnosis) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behavior will spontaneously occur |
| posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotizes, used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
| dissociation | split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
| circadian rhythms | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms(for example, body temp and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle |
| REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams take place, also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxes(except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
| alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves a relaxed, awake state |
| sleep | periodic natural loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
| NREM-1 | moment where awareness to the outside world is shut off, fantasmic images may occur, falling sensations(hypnagogic) etc. that may be incorporated into memory |
| hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something ins the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| NREM-2 | usually lasts about 20 minutes, a more relaxed state of clear sleep with periodic sleep spindles- bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity |
| NREM-3 | lasts about 30 minutes, very deep sleep hard to awaken someone from, (children wet the bed at end of this stage) |
| delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
| NREM sleep | non rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus altering feelings of sleepiness |
| insomnia | recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
| sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
| night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
| dream | sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams often notable for hallcinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for dreamer's delusional acceptance of content and later difficulty remembering it |
| manifest content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream(as differing from latent/hidden content) |
| latent content | according to Freud the underlying meaning of a dream(as distinct from manifest content) |
| REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
| substance abuse disorder | continued substance use/craving despite significant life risk/disruption |
| psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
| tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the desired effect |
| addiction | compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors(such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences |
| withdrawl | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug behavior |
| depressants | drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates that reduce neural activity and slow bodily functions |
| Alcohol use disorder | popularly known as alcoholism, Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use |
| barbituates | drugs that depress CNS activity; reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
| opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
| stimulants | drugs(such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamines) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
| nicotine | a stimulating and highly addictive drug in tobacco |
| cocaine | a powerful and addictive stimulant derives from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria |
| methamphetamine | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates CNS, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduct baseline dopamine levels |
| ecstasy(MDMA) | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoric and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and long term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to lakdjxf and cognition |
| hallucinogens | psychedelic "mind manifesting" drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
| LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid(lysergic acid diethyl amide) |
| near death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death, (cardiac arrest) often similar to drug induced hallucinations |
| THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations |
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