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McCrary Unit 11

AP Psychology Personality unit 18-19 class

QuestionAnswer
personality an individual's distinctive pattern of thinking, feeling, acting
free association in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing
psychoanalysis Freud's theory of personality attributing thoughts/actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; techniques used in treating psych disorders by seeking to expose/interpret unconscious tensions
unconscious according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
id reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that(Freud), strives to satisfy basic sexual, aggressive drives. The id acts on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
ego largely unconscious "executive" part of personality(Freud), mediates among the demands of id, superego, reality, operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring you pleasure rather than pain
superego the part of personality(Freud) that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement(conscience) and for future aspirations
psychosexual stages the childhood stages of development(oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which(Freud) id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus complex according to Freud, a boy's sexual desire for his mother, feelings of jealousy/hatred for the rival father
identification the process by which(Freud) children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos
fixation (Freud) a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved
defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
repression in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from thought all anxiety arousing thoughts and memories
regression a defense mechanism that involves retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated(sucking thumb the first day of school)
reaction formation a defense mechanism that involves switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites(exaggerated friendliness)
projection disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (a thief thinks everyone else is a theif)
rationalization offering self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening , unconscious reasons for one's actions(habitual drinker drinks to be sociable with friends)
displacement shifting social aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable/less threatening object/person(kicking a dog in response to hating mother)
sublimation transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives(man with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon)
denial refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities(denying evidence of a loved one's affair)
psychodynamic theories modern day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
Alfred Addler agreed with Freud about childhood importance, focused on social tensions instead of sexual ones, came up with the inferiority complex concept as much of behavior is an attempt to overcome this conflict
Karen Horney agreed with Freud about the importance of childhood, focused on social tensions, said child anxiety triggers desires, countered Freud saying women have weak superegos and penis envy
Neo-Freudians new psychologists who agreed with Freud's basic ideas about id, superego, ego, placed more emphasis on conscious mind's role in interpreting; doubted all consuming sex/aggression motives
Carl Jung Freud's disciple turned dissenter, placed less emphasis on social factors, came up with collective unconscious, archetypes
collective unconscious Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
projective test a projective test such as the Rorschach that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception test a projective test in which people express their inner feelings/interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
fake consensus effect the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
terror management theory a theory of death-related anxiety, explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
humanistic theories view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
Abraham Maslow developed ideas by studying creative healthy people, developed self actualization on what made their lives notable. Proposed we're motivated by a hierarchy of needs, on the higher end of spectrum we ultimately seek self actualization and self transcendenc
self-actualization according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after base physical/psychological needs are met, and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
unconditional positive regard according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
self concept all our thoughts and feelings in response to the question: "who am I?"
trait a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, assessed by self report inventories and peer reports
factor analysis a statistical procedure used to identify characteristics or test items that tap basic components of intelligence
personality inventory a questionnaire(often with T/F, agree/disagree), items on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to access selected personality traits
Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory(MMPI) the most widely researched, clinically used of all personality tests, originally developed to identify emotional disorders(still valid use), now is used for many other screening purposes
empirically derived test a test such as the MMPI developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate
Big Five Personality test a slightly expanded set of factors that shows where we fall on 5 dimensions: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extroversion(CANOE), reveals much of what there is to say about our personality
social cognitive perspective views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits(including their thinking) and their social context
behavioral approach in personality theory, this perception focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
reciprocal determination the interacting influence of behavior, internal cognition and environment
positive psychology the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
self in contemporary psychology, considered to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, actions
spotlight effect overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders(like a spotlight shines on us)
self-esteem one's feelings of high or low self worth
self-efficacy one's sense of competence and effectiveness
self serving bias a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
narcissism excessive self love and self absorption
individualism giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributed rather than group identifications
collectivism giving priority to the goals of one's group(often one's extended family/work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
Created by: abyrd6067
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