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McCrary Unit 11
AP Psychology Personality unit 18-19 class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| personality | an individual's distinctive pattern of thinking, feeling, acting |
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality attributing thoughts/actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; techniques used in treating psych disorders by seeking to expose/interpret unconscious tensions |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
| id | reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that(Freud), strives to satisfy basic sexual, aggressive drives. The id acts on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
| ego | largely unconscious "executive" part of personality(Freud), mediates among the demands of id, superego, reality, operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring you pleasure rather than pain |
| superego | the part of personality(Freud) that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement(conscience) and for future aspirations |
| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development(oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which(Freud) id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
| Oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desire for his mother, feelings of jealousy/hatred for the rival father |
| identification | the process by which(Freud) children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos |
| fixation | (Freud) a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved |
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from thought all anxiety arousing thoughts and memories |
| regression | a defense mechanism that involves retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated(sucking thumb the first day of school) |
| reaction formation | a defense mechanism that involves switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites(exaggerated friendliness) |
| projection | disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (a thief thinks everyone else is a theif) |
| rationalization | offering self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening , unconscious reasons for one's actions(habitual drinker drinks to be sociable with friends) |
| displacement | shifting social aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable/less threatening object/person(kicking a dog in response to hating mother) |
| sublimation | transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives(man with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon) |
| denial | refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities(denying evidence of a loved one's affair) |
| psychodynamic theories | modern day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences |
| Alfred Addler | agreed with Freud about childhood importance, focused on social tensions instead of sexual ones, came up with the inferiority complex concept as much of behavior is an attempt to overcome this conflict |
| Karen Horney | agreed with Freud about the importance of childhood, focused on social tensions, said child anxiety triggers desires, countered Freud saying women have weak superegos and penis envy |
| Neo-Freudians | new psychologists who agreed with Freud's basic ideas about id, superego, ego, placed more emphasis on conscious mind's role in interpreting; doubted all consuming sex/aggression motives |
| Carl Jung | Freud's disciple turned dissenter, placed less emphasis on social factors, came up with collective unconscious, archetypes |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
| projective test | a projective test such as the Rorschach that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
| Thematic Apperception test | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings/interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| Rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
| fake consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
| terror management theory | a theory of death-related anxiety, explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
| humanistic theories | view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
| Abraham Maslow | developed ideas by studying creative healthy people, developed self actualization on what made their lives notable. Proposed we're motivated by a hierarchy of needs, on the higher end of spectrum we ultimately seek self actualization and self transcendenc |
| self-actualization | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after base physical/psychological needs are met, and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
| unconditional positive regard | according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
| self concept | all our thoughts and feelings in response to the question: "who am I?" |
| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, assessed by self report inventories and peer reports |
| factor analysis | a statistical procedure used to identify characteristics or test items that tap basic components of intelligence |
| personality inventory | a questionnaire(often with T/F, agree/disagree), items on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to access selected personality traits |
| Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory(MMPI) | the most widely researched, clinically used of all personality tests, originally developed to identify emotional disorders(still valid use), now is used for many other screening purposes |
| empirically derived test | a test such as the MMPI developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate |
| Big Five Personality test | a slightly expanded set of factors that shows where we fall on 5 dimensions: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extroversion(CANOE), reveals much of what there is to say about our personality |
| social cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits(including their thinking) and their social context |
| behavioral approach | in personality theory, this perception focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development |
| reciprocal determination | the interacting influence of behavior, internal cognition and environment |
| positive psychology | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive |
| self | in contemporary psychology, considered to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, actions |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders(like a spotlight shines on us) |
| self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self worth |
| self-efficacy | one's sense of competence and effectiveness |
| self serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
| narcissism | excessive self love and self absorption |
| individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributed rather than group identifications |
| collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group(often one's extended family/work group) and defining one's identity accordingly |
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