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______ is the branch of neuroscience concerned with the fundamental chemical composition and processes of the nervous system.
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______ is also called psychopharmacology. The scientific field concerned with the discovery and stuy of compounds that selectively affect the functioning of the nervous system.
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Chapter 4 P.P.

Chapter 4: Physiological Psychology Lindsey Olsen

QuestionAnswer
______ is the branch of neuroscience concerned with the fundamental chemical composition and processes of the nervous system. Neurochemistry
______ is also called psychopharmacology. The scientific field concerned with the discovery and stuy of compounds that selectively affect the functioning of the nervous system. Neuropharmacology
Acetylcholine, dopamine, and seratonin are ______ _______; a neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus amine neurotransmitter
GABA, glycine, and glutamate are ____ ____ ______, a neurotransmitter that is itself an amino acid. amino acid neurotransmitter
This is a nuerotransmitter that has a short chain of amino acids. Peptide neurotransmitter
_____ _____ is a soluble gas, such as nitrtic oxide, that is produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron. Gas Neurotransmitter
_____ also called receptor molecule, a protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone. Receptor
_____ ____ are fast-acting, a receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist. Ionotropic Receptor
Slow-acting, _____ _____ is a type of transmitter receptor that does not contain an ion channel but may, when activated, use a G protein system to open a nearby ion channel. Metabotropic Receptor
____ ____ is any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter. Receptor Subtype
What is a ligand? A substance that binds to receptors
An ____ binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another molecule, usually a neurotransmitter. Agonist
______ is a molecule, usually a drug, that interferes with or prevents that action of a transmitter. Antagonist
____ _____ is a substance that binds to a receptor and causes it to do the oppposite of what the naturally occurring transmitter does. Inverse Agonist
Endogenous Produced inside the body
Exogenous Produced outside the body
____ is when there is an appearance of more than one neurotransmitter in a given presynaptic terminal. Co-localization
_____ is found throughout the brain, and is an amine transmitter that stimulates muscle contraction. Acetylcholine (ACh)
Cholinergic is what? It refers to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter
These are cholinergic receptors that respond to nicotine as well as ACh. Nicotinic
These are cholinergic receptors that respond to the chemical muscarine as well as to ACh. Muscarinic
______ are a class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine. Catecholamines
What are indoleamines? It is a class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including seratonin and melatonin.
______ is a minoamine transmitter found in the midbrain-especially the substantia nigra-and basal forebrain. Dopamine (DA)
______ _______ is a set of dopaminergic axons arising from the midbrain and innervating the basal ganglia, including those from the substantia nigra to the striatum. Mesostriatal Pathway
_____ ______ is a set of dopaminergic axons arising in the midbrain and innervating the limbic system and cortex. Mesolimbocortical Pathway
This is a midbrain structure that provides dopaminergic projections to areas of the forebrain, especially the basal ganglia. Substantia Nigra
The mesolimbocortical pathway originates in the midbrain, in the ____ _____ _____ (VTA). Ventral Tegmental Area, a portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbers.
This is also called nonadrenaline, a synaptic transmitter that is produced mainly in brainstem nuclei. Norepinephrine (NE)
This is a small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain. Locus Coeruleus
This refers to systems using norepinephrine as a transmitter. Noradrenergic
______ is a synaptic transmitter that is produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throughout the cerebral hemispheres. Serotonin (5-HT).
This refers to neurons that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter. Serotonergic
_____ _____ is a string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain. Raphe nuclei
____ _____ is one of the midbrain nuclei that give rise to most of the serotonergic projections of the brain. Dorsal Raphe
______ is an amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter. Glutamate
Aspartate is what? An amino acid transmitter that is excitary at many synapses.
This is a widely distributed amino-acid transmitter, and the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system. GABA-Gamma-aminobutyric acid
This is an amino acid transmitter and if often inhibitory glycine
____ refers to cells that use glutamate as their synaptic transmitter. Glutamatergic
This occurs when neurons die when overstimulated, as with large amounts of glutamate. Excitotoxicity
____ ____ is an endoogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opoid receptors and producing marked analgesia and reward. Opioid Peptide
____ ____ is a soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Nitric Oxide (NO)
This is a neurotransmitter that diffuses from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron. Retrograde Transmitter
This is a propensity of molecules of a drug or other ligand to bind to their corresponding receptors, drugs with high affinity for their receptors are effective in low doses. binding affinity or affinity
What is efficacy or intrinsic activity? The extent to which a drug activates a response when it binds to a receptor.
What is partial agonist or partial antagonist? A drug that, when bound to a receptor, has less effect than the endogenous ligand would.
____ _____ is a substance that direcly competes with the endogenous ligand for binding to a receptor molecule. Competitive ligand
____ _____ is a drug that affects a transmitter receptor while binding at a site other than that bound by the endogenous ligand. Noncompetitive ligand
A noncompetitive ligand binds to a _____ _____, which is a portion of the receptor that, when bound by a compound, alters the receptor's response to its transmitter. Modulatory site
The ____ _____ _____ is a formal plot of a drug's effects on (the y-axis) versus the dose given (on the x-axis). Dose-response curve (DRC)
____ is the collective name for the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and its target receptors, such as affinity and efficacy. Pharmacodynamics
_____ is a condition, in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose. Tolerance
_____ _____ is the form of drug tolerance that arises when the metabolic machinery of the body becomes more efficient at clearing the drug, as a consequence of repeated exposure. Metabolic Tolerance
____ ____ is decreased responding to a drug after repeated exposures, generally as a consequence of up- or down-regulation of receptors. Functional Tolerance
_____ ____ is a compensatory reduction in receptor availability at the snapses of a neuron. Up-regulation
____ ____ is a condition in which the development of tolerance for an administered drug causes an individual to develop for another drug. Cross-tolerance
____ ____ is an uncomfortable symptom that arises when a person stops taking a drug that he or she has used freuently, especially at high doses. Withdrawl symptoms
What is sensitization? A process in which the body shows an enhanced response to a given drug after repeated use.
_______ refers to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms. Bioavailable
_______ is the process in which enzymes convert a rug into a metabolite that is active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance. Biotransformation
What is pharmokinetics? the collective name for all factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body.
_____ is a substance that influences that activity of synaptic transmitters. Neuromodulator
_____ is a stimulant compound found in coffee, cacao, and other plants. Caffeine
_____ is in the context of neural transmission, a neuromodulator that alters synaptic activity. Adenosine
This is a receptor that tells the axon terminal much transmitter has been released. Autoreceptor
____ is a class of drugs that alleviate schizophrenia. Antipsychotics
What are neuroleptics? A class of antipsychotic drugs, traditionally dopamine receptor blockers.
atypical neuroletpics are what? a class of antischizophrenic drugs that have actions other than the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics.
____ is a class of drugs that relieve the symptoms of depression. Antidepressants
____ _____ _____ is an antidepressant drug that blocks the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters by the enzyme monoamine oxidase, resulting in an accumulation of monoamine transmitters in synapses. MAO inhibitor (monoamine oxidase inhibitor)
This is the second generation of antidepressants, they are a class of drugs that act by increasing the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine. Tricyclic Antidepressants
What is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor? SSRI is a drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.
This is a class of substances of are used to combat anxiety. Anxiolytics
This is a class of drugs that act to reduce neural activity. Depressants
_____ _____ is a class of antianxiety drugs that bind to sites on GABAa receptors. Benzodiazepine agonists
______ _____ is any receptor for which no endogenous ligand has yet been discovered. Orphan receptor
____ is a naturally occurring steroid that modulates GABA receptor activity in much the same way that benzodiazepine anxiolytics do. Allopregnanolone
What are neurosteroids? Steroids that are produced in the brain.
What is fetal alcohol syndrome? A disorder, including mental retardation and characteristic facial abnormalities, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol during the development.
This is a heterogeneous extract of the seedpod juice of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Opium
____ is an opiate compound derrived from the poppy flower. morphine
this refers to painkilling properties. Analgesic
____ or diacetylmorphine, an artificially modified, very potent form of morphine. Heroin.
____ _____ is a receptor that responds to endogenous and/or exogenous opiates. opioid receptor
This is the region of the brain where morphine acts to reduce the pain perception Periaqueductal gray
This is a family of peptide transmitters taht have been called the body's own narcotics. The three kinds are enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. Endogenous opioids
This drug is usually smoked to obtain THC, is a dried preparation of the Cannabis sativa plant. Marijuana
THC is? The major active ingrediant in marijuana, Tetrahydrocannabinol
_____ is an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; thus, an analog of marijuana that is produced by the brain. endocannabinoid
______ is an endogenous substance that binds the cannabinoid receptor molecule. Anandamide
___ this is found in plants, including tobacco that acts as an agonist on a large class of cholinergic receptors. Nicotine
_____ is a drug of abuse, derived from the coca plant, that acts by potentiating catecholamine stimulation. Cocaine
____ ____ is when dependence for emergent drug effects that occur only when two drugs are taken simultaneously. Dual Dependence
____ is a molecule that resembles that structure of the catecholamine transmitters and enhances their activity. Amphetamine
This is a peptide produced in the brain when an animal in injected with either cocaine or amphetamine, associated with te appetite control circuitry of the hypothalamus. Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript
____ is a class of drugs that alter sensory perception and produce peculiar experiences. Hallucinogens
This is a hallucinogenic drug LSD
This is also called angel dust, an anesthetic agent that is also a psychodelic drug PCP, phencyclidine
A ____ ____ is a type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is partly seperated from sensory inputs. Dissociative Drug
What is ketamine? A dissociative anesthetic drug that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist.
What is MDMA? it is also called Ecstasy, a drug of abuse.
This word is also known as addiction and the the strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse. Dependence
What is substance abuse? A maladaptive pattern of substance use that has lasted more than a month but does not fully meet the criteria for dependence.
Many addictive drugs cause the release of dopamine in the _____ ____, just like more conventional reinforcers, like food or sex. Nucleus Accumbens
____ _____ ____ is an increased likelihood to use a drug because of the presence of environmental stimuli that were present during a previous use of the same drug. Cue-induced drug use
________ is an important intracellular signal transduction system that can be activated by many different events that affect the cell surface. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)
What are orexins? a group of proteins expressed in the lateral hypothalamus that trigger feeding and have been implicated in narcolepsy.
Created by: lindsey.olsen
 

 



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