Chapter 4: Physiological Psychology Lindsey Olsen
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| ______ is the branch of neuroscience concerned with the fundamental chemical composition and processes of the nervous system. | Neurochemistry
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| ______ is also called psychopharmacology. The scientific field concerned with the discovery and stuy of compounds that selectively affect the functioning of the nervous system. | Neuropharmacology
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| Acetylcholine, dopamine, and seratonin are ______ _______; a neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus | amine neurotransmitter
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| GABA, glycine, and glutamate are ____ ____ ______, a neurotransmitter that is itself an amino acid. | amino acid neurotransmitter
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| This is a nuerotransmitter that has a short chain of amino acids. | Peptide neurotransmitter
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| _____ _____ is a soluble gas, such as nitrtic oxide, that is produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron. | Gas Neurotransmitter
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| _____ also called receptor molecule, a protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone. | Receptor
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| _____ ____ are fast-acting, a receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist. | Ionotropic Receptor
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| Slow-acting, _____ _____ is a type of transmitter receptor that does not contain an ion channel but may, when activated, use a G protein system to open a nearby ion channel. | Metabotropic Receptor
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| ____ ____ is any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter. | Receptor Subtype
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| What is a ligand? | A substance that binds to receptors
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| An ____ binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another molecule, usually a neurotransmitter. | Agonist
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| ______ is a molecule, usually a drug, that interferes with or prevents that action of a transmitter. | Antagonist
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| ____ _____ is a substance that binds to a receptor and causes it to do the oppposite of what the naturally occurring transmitter does. | Inverse Agonist
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| Endogenous | Produced inside the body
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| Exogenous | Produced outside the body
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| ____ is when there is an appearance of more than one neurotransmitter in a given presynaptic terminal. | Co-localization
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| _____ is found throughout the brain, and is an amine transmitter that stimulates muscle contraction. | Acetylcholine (ACh)
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| Cholinergic is what? | It refers to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter
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| These are cholinergic receptors that respond to nicotine as well as ACh. | Nicotinic
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| These are cholinergic receptors that respond to the chemical muscarine as well as to ACh. | Muscarinic
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| ______ are a class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine. | Catecholamines
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| What are indoleamines? | It is a class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including seratonin and melatonin.
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| ______ is a minoamine transmitter found in the midbrain-especially the substantia nigra-and basal forebrain. | Dopamine (DA)
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| ______ _______ is a set of dopaminergic axons arising from the midbrain and innervating the basal ganglia, including those from the substantia nigra to the striatum. | Mesostriatal Pathway
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| _____ ______ is a set of dopaminergic axons arising in the midbrain and innervating the limbic system and cortex. | Mesolimbocortical Pathway
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| This is a midbrain structure that provides dopaminergic projections to areas of the forebrain, especially the basal ganglia. | Substantia Nigra
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| The mesolimbocortical pathway originates in the midbrain, in the ____ _____ _____ (VTA). | Ventral Tegmental Area, a portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbers.
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| This is also called nonadrenaline, a synaptic transmitter that is produced mainly in brainstem nuclei. | Norepinephrine (NE)
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| This is a small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain. | Locus Coeruleus
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| This refers to systems using norepinephrine as a transmitter. | Noradrenergic
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| ______ is a synaptic transmitter that is produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throughout the cerebral hemispheres. | Serotonin (5-HT).
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| This refers to neurons that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter. | Serotonergic
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| _____ _____ is a string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain. | Raphe nuclei
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| ____ _____ is one of the midbrain nuclei that give rise to most of the serotonergic projections of the brain. | Dorsal Raphe
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| ______ is an amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter. | Glutamate
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| Aspartate is what? | An amino acid transmitter that is excitary at many synapses.
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| This is a widely distributed amino-acid transmitter, and the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system. | GABA-Gamma-aminobutyric acid
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| This is an amino acid transmitter and if often inhibitory | glycine
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| ____ refers to cells that use glutamate as their synaptic transmitter. | Glutamatergic
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| This occurs when neurons die when overstimulated, as with large amounts of glutamate. | Excitotoxicity
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| ____ ____ is an endoogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opoid receptors and producing marked analgesia and reward. | Opioid Peptide
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| ____ ____ is a soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system. | Nitric Oxide (NO)
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| This is a neurotransmitter that diffuses from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron. | Retrograde Transmitter
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| This is a propensity of molecules of a drug or other ligand to bind to their corresponding receptors, drugs with high affinity for their receptors are effective in low doses. | binding affinity or affinity
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| What is efficacy or intrinsic activity? | The extent to which a drug activates a response when it binds to a receptor.
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| What is partial agonist or partial antagonist? | A drug that, when bound to a receptor, has less effect than the endogenous ligand would.
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| ____ _____ is a substance that direcly competes with the endogenous ligand for binding to a receptor molecule. | Competitive ligand
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| ____ _____ is a drug that affects a transmitter receptor while binding at a site other than that bound by the endogenous ligand. | Noncompetitive ligand
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| A noncompetitive ligand binds to a _____ _____, which is a portion of the receptor that, when bound by a compound, alters the receptor's response to its transmitter. | Modulatory site
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| The ____ _____ _____ is a formal plot of a drug's effects on (the y-axis) versus the dose given (on the x-axis). | Dose-response curve (DRC)
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| ____ is the collective name for the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and its target receptors, such as affinity and efficacy. | Pharmacodynamics
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| _____ is a condition, in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose. | Tolerance
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| _____ _____ is the form of drug tolerance that arises when the metabolic machinery of the body becomes more efficient at clearing the drug, as a consequence of repeated exposure. | Metabolic Tolerance
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| ____ ____ is decreased responding to a drug after repeated exposures, generally as a consequence of up- or down-regulation of receptors. | Functional Tolerance
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| _____ ____ is a compensatory reduction in receptor availability at the snapses of a neuron. | Up-regulation
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| ____ ____ is a condition in which the development of tolerance for an administered drug causes an individual to develop for another drug. | Cross-tolerance
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| ____ ____ is an uncomfortable symptom that arises when a person stops taking a drug that he or she has used freuently, especially at high doses. | Withdrawl symptoms
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| What is sensitization? | A process in which the body shows an enhanced response to a given drug after repeated use.
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| _______ refers to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms. | Bioavailable
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| _______ is the process in which enzymes convert a rug into a metabolite that is active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance. | Biotransformation
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| What is pharmokinetics? | the collective name for all factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body.
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| _____ is a substance that influences that activity of synaptic transmitters. | Neuromodulator
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| _____ is a stimulant compound found in coffee, cacao, and other plants. | Caffeine
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| _____ is in the context of neural transmission, a neuromodulator that alters synaptic activity. | Adenosine
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| This is a receptor that tells the axon terminal much transmitter has been released. | Autoreceptor
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| ____ is a class of drugs that alleviate schizophrenia. | Antipsychotics
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| What are neuroleptics? | A class of antipsychotic drugs, traditionally dopamine receptor blockers.
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| atypical neuroletpics are what? | a class of antischizophrenic drugs that have actions other than the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics.
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| ____ is a class of drugs that relieve the symptoms of depression. | Antidepressants
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| ____ _____ _____ is an antidepressant drug that blocks the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters by the enzyme monoamine oxidase, resulting in an accumulation of monoamine transmitters in synapses. | MAO inhibitor (monoamine oxidase inhibitor)
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| This is the second generation of antidepressants, they are a class of drugs that act by increasing the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine. | Tricyclic Antidepressants
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| What is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor? | SSRI is a drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.
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| This is a class of substances of are used to combat anxiety. | Anxiolytics
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| This is a class of drugs that act to reduce neural activity. | Depressants
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| _____ _____ is a class of antianxiety drugs that bind to sites on GABAa receptors. | Benzodiazepine agonists
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| ______ _____ is any receptor for which no endogenous ligand has yet been discovered. | Orphan receptor
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| ____ is a naturally occurring steroid that modulates GABA receptor activity in much the same way that benzodiazepine anxiolytics do. | Allopregnanolone
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| What are neurosteroids? | Steroids that are produced in the brain.
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| What is fetal alcohol syndrome? | A disorder, including mental retardation and characteristic facial abnormalities, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol during the development.
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| This is a heterogeneous extract of the seedpod juice of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. | Opium
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| ____ is an opiate compound derrived from the poppy flower. | morphine
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| this refers to painkilling properties. | Analgesic
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| ____ or diacetylmorphine, an artificially modified, very potent form of morphine. | Heroin.
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| ____ _____ is a receptor that responds to endogenous and/or exogenous opiates. | opioid receptor
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| This is the region of the brain where morphine acts to reduce the pain perception | Periaqueductal gray
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| This is a family of peptide transmitters taht have been called the body's own narcotics. The three kinds are enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. | Endogenous opioids
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| This drug is usually smoked to obtain THC, is a dried preparation of the Cannabis sativa plant. | Marijuana
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| THC is? | The major active ingrediant in marijuana, Tetrahydrocannabinol
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| _____ is an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; thus, an analog of marijuana that is produced by the brain. | endocannabinoid
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| ______ is an endogenous substance that binds the cannabinoid receptor molecule. | Anandamide
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| ___ this is found in plants, including tobacco that acts as an agonist on a large class of cholinergic receptors. | Nicotine
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| _____ is a drug of abuse, derived from the coca plant, that acts by potentiating catecholamine stimulation. | Cocaine
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| ____ ____ is when dependence for emergent drug effects that occur only when two drugs are taken simultaneously. | Dual Dependence
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| ____ is a molecule that resembles that structure of the catecholamine transmitters and enhances their activity. | Amphetamine
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| This is a peptide produced in the brain when an animal in injected with either cocaine or amphetamine, associated with te appetite control circuitry of the hypothalamus. | Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript
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| ____ is a class of drugs that alter sensory perception and produce peculiar experiences. | Hallucinogens
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| This is a hallucinogenic drug | LSD
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| This is also called angel dust, an anesthetic agent that is also a psychodelic drug | PCP, phencyclidine
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| A ____ ____ is a type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is partly seperated from sensory inputs. | Dissociative Drug
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| What is ketamine? | A dissociative anesthetic drug that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist.
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| What is MDMA? | it is also called Ecstasy, a drug of abuse.
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| This word is also known as addiction and the the strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse. | Dependence
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| What is substance abuse? | A maladaptive pattern of substance use that has lasted more than a month but does not fully meet the criteria for dependence.
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| Many addictive drugs cause the release of dopamine in the _____ ____, just like more conventional reinforcers, like food or sex. | Nucleus Accumbens
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| ____ _____ ____ is an increased likelihood to use a drug because of the presence of environmental stimuli that were present during a previous use of the same drug. | Cue-induced drug use
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| ________ is an important intracellular signal transduction system that can be activated by many different events that affect the cell surface. | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)
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| What are orexins? | a group of proteins expressed in the lateral hypothalamus that trigger feeding and have been implicated in narcolepsy.
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