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Psych101: Ch. 9&10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| MOTIVATION | process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met |
| EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION | person performs an action b/c it leads to an outcome thats separate from or external to the person |
| INTRINSIC MOTIVATION | person performs an action b/c the act is fun, challenging, or satisfying in an internal manner |
| INSTINCTS | biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals |
| INSTINCT APPROACH | approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals |
| NEED | requirement of some material(such as air) that is essential for survival of the organism |
| DRIVE | a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension |
| DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY | assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce the tension and arousal |
| PRIMARY DRIVES | involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst |
| HOMEOSTASIS | tendency of the body to maintain a steady state |
| ACQUIRED(SECONDARY) DRIVES | learned through experience/conditioning(ex:social,$,approval) |
| NEED FOR ACHIEVMENT (nAch) | involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals-not only realistic ones, but challenging ones |
| NEED FOR AFFILIATION (nAff) | need for friendly social interactions and relationships |
| NEED FOR POWER (nPow) | need to have control or influence over others |
| STIMULUS MOTIVE | motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity |
| AROUSAL THEORY | theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal(best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing/decreasing stimulation |
| YERKES-DODSON LAW | stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high |
| SENSATION SEEKERS | one who needs more arousal than the average person |
| INCENTIVES | things that attract or lure people into action |
| INCENTIVE APPROACH | theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties |
| SELF-ACTUALIZATION | the point in which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential |
| PEAK EXPERIENCES | times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved |
| SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY(SDT) | the social context of an action has an effort on the type of motivation existing for the action |
| INTRINSIC MOTIVATION | type of motivation in which a person performs an act b/c act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner |
| INSULIN & GLUCAGON | hormones secreted by the pancreas to control levels of fats, proteins and carbs in the bloodstream |
| INSULIN ________ LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN BLOODSTREAM | reduces |
| GLUCAGON _______ LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOODSTREAM | increases |
| LEPTIN | hormone signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full |
| WEIGHT SET POINT | the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain |
| BASAL METABLOLIC RATE (BMR) | rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting |
| OBESITY | body weight of a person is over 20% or more over the ideal body weight for that person's height |
| EMOTION | the "feeling" aspect of the consciousness characterized by certain physical arousal, certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and inner awareness of feelings |
| COMMON SENSORY THEORY OF EMOTION | a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal ex:"I'm shaking b/c i'm afraid" |
| JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION | a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion ex:"I'm afraid b/c i'm shaking" |
| CANNON-BARD THEORY OF EMOTION | the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time ex:"I'm shaking and feeling afraid at the same time" |
| COGNITIVE AROUSAL THEORY OF EMOTIONS | both physical arousal and labeling of arousal based on cues from environment must occur before emotions experienced ex:"This snarling dog is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid" |
| FACIAL FEEDBACK THEORY | Facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotions being expressed, in turn causes and intensifies the emotion ex: "Scary dog causes arousal and a facial expression into emotion" |
| COGNITIVE-MEDITATIONAL THEORY | a stimulus must be interpreted(appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction ex: "The dog is snarling and not behind a fence, so this is dangerous" |
| PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS | Structures that are present at birth |
| VAGINA | tube leads from the outside of a female's body to the opening of the womb |
| UTERUS | womb in which baby grows during pregnancy |
| OVARIES | the female sexual glands |
| PENIS | male sex organ |
| TESTES(TESTICLES) | male sex glands |
| SCROTUM | external sack that holds the testes |
| PROSTATE GLAND | gland that secretes most of the fluid holding the male sex cells or sperms |
| SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS | sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction |
| MENARCHE CYCLE | monthly shedding shedding of the blood and tissue that line the uterus in preparation for pregnancy when conception doesn't occur |
| MAMMARY GLAND | glands within the breast tissue that produce milk when a woman gives birth |
| ESTROGEN | female sex hormones |
| ANDROGEN | male sex hormones |
| GENDER ROLES | culture's expectations for masculine or feminine behavior including attitudes, actions, personality traits |
| GENDER TYPING | process of acquiring gender role characteristics |
| GENDER IDENTITY | the individuals sense of being male or female |
| TRANSGENDERED | the sense of gender identity deos not match their external appearance or chromosome |
| BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES | hormones, chromosomes, evolutionary selection |
| CULTURE | individualistic societies with high standards of livings are more accepting of nontraditional gender roles, especially for women |
| SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY | gender identity is formed through reinforcement of appropiate gender behavior as well as imitation of gender roles |
| GENDER SCHEMA THEORY | a child develops a mental pattern, or schema, for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that schema |
| STEREOTYPE | a concept held about a person or group of people that is based on superficial, irrevelant characteristics |
| GENDER STEREOTYPE | a concept held about a person or group of people that is based on being male or female |
| SEXISM | prejudice against males and/or females that leads to unequal treatment |
| BENEVOLENT SEXISM | acceptance of positive stereotypes of males and females that leads to unequal treatment |
| EXCITEMENT | beginning of sexual arousal |
| PLATEAU | physical changes beginning in first continue |
| ORGASM | a series of rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the vaginal walls or penis; 3rd and shortest phase of sexual response |
| MEN ORGASM | semen released penis |
| WOMEN ORGASM | involved muscles of vaginal walls and can happen multiple times, lasting slightly longer than male organism |
| RESOLUTION | the final phase of sexual response, in which body is returned to a normal states |
| REFRACTORY PERIOD | time in which male can't become aroused or achieve erection |
| MASTER AND JOHNSON STUDY | observed and measured physiological |
| HETEROSEXUAL | attracted to the opposite sex |
| HOMOSEXUAL | attracted to the same sex |
| BISEXUAL | attracted to both men and women |
| SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION | problem with sexual functioning, or with physical workings of the sex act in one of threes areas, sexual interest, arousal, response |
| ORGANIC OR STRESS INDUCED DYSFUNCTION | sexual problem caused by physical disorder or psychological stress |
Created by:
CartersMom
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