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McCrary Unit 10
Conditioning Unit AP Psychology, 18-19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
| habituation | an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli(in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences(as in operant conditioning) |
| stimulus | any event or situation that evokes a response |
| cognitive learning | the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language |
| observational language | one form of cognitive learning that lets us learn from other's experiences |
| Ivan Pavlov | his earliest 20th century research are classics and explored the phenomenon called classical conditioning |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link one stimulus and anticipate events |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology is 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with 1 but not 2 |
| neural stimulus(NS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| unconditioned response(UR) | in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response(salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus(US)(such as food in the mouth) |
| unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response |
| conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus(US) comes to trigger a conditioned response(CR) |
| conditioned response | in classical conditioning , a learned response to a previously neutral(but now conditioned) stimulus(CS) |
| acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, in which one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of reinforces response |
| higher order conditioning | procedure where conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired w new stimulus, making second(often weaker) CS. For example, an animal that has learned a tone predicts food might the learn that a light predicts tone and start responding to light alone |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a US does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer enforces |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditional response |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli to elicit similar responses |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened of followed by a reinforcer or diminished of followed by a punisher |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, a chamber(also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer, attached devices to record an animal's rate of bar pressing/key pecking |
| reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| discriminative stimulus | in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement(in contrast with related stimulus not associated with reinforcement) |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by promoting positive reinforcer, a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response stimulates a response |
| negative reinforcers | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, sic as one that satisfies a biological need |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer |
| reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| partial reinforcement(intermittent) | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisitions of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| fixed ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| fixed interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| variable interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| positive punishment | decreases following behaviors be administering an aversive stimulus |
| negative punishment | technique following behaviors by withdrawing a rewarding stimulus |
| biofeedback | a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state such as blood pressure such as blood pressure or muscle tension |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| John Garcia | challenged prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally well, findings on taste aversion |
| taste aversion | when smell and taste of an item from certain bad experiences acts as a CS for nausea |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there in an incentive to demonstrate it |
| insight | a sudden realization of a problem's solution |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment |
| coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods |
| problem focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly, by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor |
| emotion focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction |
| learned helplessness | the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate |
| internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate |
| self control | the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards |
| observational learning | learning by observing others; also called social learning |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| Albert Bandura | the psychologist who performed the Bobo Doll experiment |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring or another's action may enable imitation and empathy |
| theory of mind | a child's ability to enable empathy and ability to infer another's mental state |
| prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior |
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