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Science Unit 2
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Valence Electrons | an electron is one of outer shells of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms |
Periodic Table | arranges all known elements from left to right by mass. |
Properties of Metals | solid at room temperature shiny luster malleable good conductors of electricity higher density+melting point metals at bottom left are most reactive |
Properties of Non-metals | no luster poor conductors lower melting points not malleable less reactive brittle lower density |
Metalloids | elements on both sides of the zig-zag line have properties of both metals and non-metals |
Periods | rows 1-7 on left side atomic number increases left to right same number of energy levels chemical properties are not the same. |
Groups | numbered 1-18 all have the same number of valence electrons Group 1 is most reactive; group 18 is most stable |
Reactivity | the ability of atoms to combine or separate with other atoms to create new substances. |
"Happy" atoms | when an atoms has 8 electrons on the outer energy level and/or has a complete set |
Covalent Bond | a bond formed by atoms sharing electrons. |
Polar Covalent Bonds | a covalent bond in which the two atoms have different electronegativities causing a separation in charges. |
Non-polar Covalent Bonds | a covalent bond in which two atoms have identical or very similar electronegativities so the charges are distributed evenly. |
Polarity | seperation of charges |
Chemical Bonds | attractions between either atoms or molecules. |
Electronegativity | the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons; how much you want electrons. |
Ionic Bond | a bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. |
Bond length | the distance between two nuclei at the point of minimum energy; where attractive and repulsive cancel out |
Combustion | when oxygen combines with a substance and releases energy in the form of heat and light |
Synthesis | when two or more reactants combine to produce a single product. |
Decomposition | a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds. |
Single replacement | when one element replaces with another element in a compound. |
double replacement | when the cations and antions of two compounds switch places, forming two entirely new different compounds. |