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4Sensation (partial)
terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Perception | refers to the overall process of apprehending objects and events in the environment |
| Sensation | the process by which stimulation of sensory receptors- the structures in our eyes, ears etc. produce neural impulses that represent experiences |
| Perceptual Organization | refers to the stage in which an internal representation of an object is formed an a precept of the external stimulus is developed. |
| Identification and Recognition | assigns meaning to precepts. answers, "what is this object" |
| Ambiguity | an important concept for understanding perception because it shows that a single image at the sensory level can result in multiple interpretations at the perceptual identification levels. |
| Psychophysics | the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the behavior or mental experiences the stiumuli evoke |
| Absolute Threshold | the minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a sensory experience |
| Psychometric Function | a graph that shows the percentage of detection (vertical axis) at each stimulus intensity (horizontal axis) |
| Sensory Adaption | the dimishing responsiveness of sensory systems to prolonged stimulus input |
| Response Bias | the systematic tendency for an observer to favor responding in a particular way because of factors unrelated to the sensory features of the stimulus. |
| Signal Detection Theory (SDT) | a systematic approach to the problem of response bias. focuses on the process of making a judgment about the stimulus. |
| Difference Threshold | the smallest physical difference between two stiumli that can still be recognized as a difference |
| Just Noticable Difference (JND) | the point at which the stimuli are recognized as different half the time.Used as a quantitative unit for measuring the magnitude of the psychological difference between any two sensations. |
| Transduction | the conversion of one form of physical energy, such as light, to another form, such as neural impulses. |
| Sensory Receptors | convert the physcial form of the sensory signal into cellular signals that can be processed by the nervous system. |
| Cornea | the transparent bulge on the front of the eye |
| Anterior Chamber | filled with a clear liquid. |
| Aqueous Humor | clear liquid that is found in the anterior chamber. |
| Pupil | the opening light passes through |
| Iris | the opaque muscle surrounding the pupil |
| Lens | bean shaped crystalline, changes consistency to focus on objects. thinning for distant, thickening for near. |
| Vitreous Humor | records the variations in light that come through the lens |
| Retina | thin sheet that lines the rear wall of the eyeball |
| Accommodation | when the ciliary muscles change the thickness of the lens |
| Photoreceptors | basic conversion from light entergy to neural responses is performed in your retina, which is made of rods and cones(photoreceptors), receptor cells sensitive to light. |
| Rods | photoreceptors that operate best in teh near darkness |
| Cones | photoreceptors specialized for bright, color filled day |
| Dark Adaption | the gradual improvement of the eyes' sensitivity after a shift in illumination from light to near darkness |
| Forvea | contains nothing but densly packed cones, is the area of your sharpest vision, both color and spatial detail are amost accurately detected there |
| Bipolar Cells | nerve cells that combine impulses from many receptors and send the results to the ganglion cells. |
| Ganglion Cells | integrates the impulses from one or more bipolar cells into a single firing rate |
| Horizonal Cells and Amacrine Cells | integrate informaiton across the retina. Horizonal connect receptors to each other , and amacrine cells link bipolar cells to each other and ganglion cells to each other. |
| Blind Spot (optic disk) | contains no receptor cells at all. |
| Loudness | the physical intensity of sound, determined by its amplitude, measured in decibels (dB) |
| Timbre | reflects the components of its complex sound wave |
| Cochlea | fluid filled coiled tube that has the basilar membrane running down its middle along its length |
| Basilar Membrane | the membrane running down the length of the cochlea |
| Auditory Nerve | bundle of fibers that receive waves from cochlea. |
| Place Theory | based on the fact that the basilar membrane moves when sound waves are conducted through the inner ear. Different frequencies produce their most movement at particular locations along the basilar membrane. High near the base of the cochlea, vice versa. |
| Frequency Theory | explains pitch by the rate of vibration of the basilar membrane. vibrations of the membrane match the sound wave frequency 1-1. Also stipulates that the neurons will follow at the same rate. |
| Volley Principle | explains that several neurons in a combined action, or volley, fire at a frequency that will enable it to match higher pitched sounds, making the frequency theory work. |
| Sound Localization | ability to determine the spatial origins of auditory events. |
Created by:
lmnhodgins
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