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skeletal and muscle
A&P chapter 4,6,9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Thick Filament | Consist of the protein myosin |
| Thin Filament | Consist of the protein actin |
| Action Potential | The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell |
| Myofilaments | Term for the chains of actin and myosin that pack a muscle fiber |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | A specialized type of smooth ER that regulates the calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells. |
| Epimysium | A sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle. |
| Perimysium | The sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers. |
| Endomysium | A wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that unsheathes each individual myosite |
| Tendon | A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone |
| Muscle Fiber | Type of cell found in muscle tissue |
| Myoblast | A type of embryonic progenitor cell that differentiates to give rise to muscle cells |
| Transvers Tubules | A deep invagination of the sarcolemma which is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle cells |
| Sarcoplasm | The cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber. |
| Sarcomere | A structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band. Contractile unit |
| Sarcolemma | The fine transparent tubular sheath that envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles. Membrane of muscle cell |
| Myofibrils | Any of the enlongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells. Made up of several sarcomeres |
| Troponin | A globular protein complex involved in muscle contraction. It occurs with trpomyosin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue |
| Tropomyosin | A protein involved in a muscle contraction. Blocks myosin binding sites on actin |
| Active Site | A region or an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction |
| Actin | A protein that forms the contractile filaments of muscle cells and also involved in motion in other cells |
| Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) | The site of communication between motor nerve axons and muscle fibers |
| ADP and Pi | The molecules released just before Power Stroke |
| Actin Binding sites exposed | Actin status to begin cross bridge formation |
| Energized/cocked myosin head | Energy state of myosin for beginning cross bridge formation |
| Skeletal muscle fibers | Long cylindrical cells |
| Myosin | myofilament with a knob like head |
| Actin | Myofilament stiffened and stabilized by tropomyosin |
| Fascicle | Bundle of skeletal muscle fibers enclosed by connective tissue called perimysium |
| Hypercalcemia | Placed in bone matrix as hard calcium salts when blood calcium levels are too high |
| Simple or closed | A fracture where the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin |
| Hematopoiesis | Process of blood formation, vital process carried on the red bone marrow |
| Red bone marrow | Soft connective tissue inside the hard walls of some bones |
| Osteons | Circular and tubelike composed of calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers resembling the rings of an onion in microscopic stucture |
| Lamella | Circular rings that surround central canal that contains a blood vessel |
| Osteocytes | Lie between the hard layers of the lamella in little spaces called lacunae |
| Canaliculi | Passage ways that connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal in osteon |
| Appositional Growth | Process in which bones grown in diameter and are controlled by growth hormones and sex hormones |
| Epiphyseal line | Remnants of the epiphyseal plate |
| Red marrow and epiphysis | Site of hematopoiesis in adults |
| Diaphysis | Site of compact bone in adults, name for a bone shaft. Hollow tube of compact bone |
| Epiphyseal Plate | Site of longitudinal growth in a child |
| Medullary Cavity | Site of fat storage in adults, the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone that contains yellow bone marrow. |
| Osteoblasts | Immature, or matrix depositing, bone cells are referred to as bone forming |
| Calcitonin | Causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts |
| Osteoclasts | Bone cells that break down bone matrix and release calcium to the blood. (bone destroying) |
| Epiphysis | ends of bones, where red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone. |
| Periousteum | A strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces. |
| Endosteum | Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity |
| Voltage gated channel | A protein that changes shape due to an action potential |
| What is the function of the skeletal system? | Support, Protect, storage for calcium, blood cell formation |
| What are the molecules bound to the myosin head at the start of the cross bridge cycle? | ADP & Pi |
| The location of higher concentration of Ca2+ needed for cross bridge formation & cycle | Cytoplasm |
| What is the behavior of actin during the power stroke? | Ratchets toward the midline |
| What is the myosin head energy status during the power stroke? | Pivots and returns to low energy |
| The bond between the actin and myosin head weakens as a result of: | ATP |
| On what surface does bone reabsorprtion occur during appositional growth? | Endosteal |
| What type of ossification centers appear in the epiphysis of a long bone? | Secondary |
| What is found in the inner periosteum layer? | Osteoblasts |
| When a bone forms from a fibrous membrane, the process is call __ ossification | Membranous |
| What is the most responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers? | Calcium ions |
| What is the name given to the regulatory spaced infoldings of the sarcolemma? | transvers or T tubules |
| A triad is composed of a T tubule and 2 adjacent terminal cisternae of the SR. How are they connected? | A series of proteins that control calcium release |
| What is not bound to myosin during the detachment step? | ADP |
| What is the correct order during a single cross bridge cycle? | 1) myosin head binds to actin 2) ADP is released and myosin slides filament toward center of sarcomere, 3) ATP binds to myosin head and detaches from actin, 4)ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP |
| When does the cross bridge cycle begin? | Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin |
| What deposited into the matrix give bone its hardness, which resists compression? | calcium salts |
| Bones are remodeled continually in response to changes in 2 factors: | calcium levels in blood and muscle on skeleton |
| Osteoblasts once trapped become | osteocytes |
| What are the stages of bone repair? | hematoma forms,fibrocartilage callus,bony callus,bone remodel |
| where are most long bones found? | limbs |
| what are the 4 types of bones? | long, short, irregular, sesamoid |
| When blood calcium levels begin to drop below homeostatic levels, what is released causing calcium to be released from the bone? | Parathyroid hormone |
| When does the growth of long bones end when the epiphyseal plates are completely converted to bone? | adolesence |
| chords that hold 2 bones together | ligaments |
| Large tubercles and/or increased deposit of bony matrix occur at sites of? | stress/tension |
| Caused by Paralysis or severe lack of exercise results in muscle and bone : | Atrophy |
| Displaced bone fracture | ends out of alignment |
| Non displaced bone fracture | ends in normal position |
| Complete break | broken throughout |
| Incomplete break | not all the way |
| Open or compound | bone through the skin |
| What are the steps of Intramembranous ossification bone formation? | 1) mesenchymal cells form osteoblasts, 2) osteoblasts secrete osteoid, becoming osteocytes 3) woven bone and periosteum form 4)red marrow appears , lamella bone replaces woven bone turning into compact bone |
| What are the steps of Endochondrial ossification bone formation? |
Created by:
cdixon10