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Cell theory
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Cell theory One of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting cells.
Cell The smallest unit of life that displays all the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Surface-area-to-volume ration Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume; the relationship limits the maximum size of a cell
Prokaryotic cells Cells that generally lack a membrane bound nucleus and the membranous organelles typical of eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells Type of cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and membranous organelles
Bacillus A rod shaped bacterium; a genus of bacteria
Spirilla Long rod shaped bacterium that is twisted into a rigid spiral
Spirochete Long rod shaped bacterium that is twisted into a flexible spiral
Cell envelope (prokaryotic cell) The portion composed of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx
Plasma (cell) membrane Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell
Cell wall Cellular structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity; composed of polysaccharides
Glycocalyx Gel like coating outside the cell wall of a bacterium. If compact, it is called a capsule; if diffuse, it is called a slime layer
Capsule A form of glycocalyx that consists of a gelatinous layer; found in blue green algae and certain bacteria
Nucleoid Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bound by a nuclear envelope
Cytoplasm Region of a cell between the nucleus, or the nucleus region of a bacterium, and the plasma membrane; contains the organelles of the cell
Plasmids Extrachromosomal ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis in a cell; composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Cyanobacteria Photosynthetic bacterium that contains chlorophyll and releases oxygen; formally called a blue green algae
Thylakoids Flattened sac within a granum of a chloroplast; membrane contains chlorophyll; location where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur
Flagella Long slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans and sperm
Fimbriae Small bristle like fiber on the surface of a bacterial cell, which attaches bacteria to a surface
Conjugation pili In a bacterium, elongated hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells
Organelles Small membranous structures in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function
Endosymbiotic theory Explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes
Vesicles Small membrane bound sac that stores substances within a cell
Cytoskeleton Internal framework of the cell, consisting of micro tubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
Nucleus Membrane bound organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell
Nucleoplasm Semi fluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin
Chromatin Network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within a nucleus of a cell
Chromosomes The structure that transmits the genetic material from one generation to the next; composed of condensed chromatin; each species of has particular number of chromosomes that is passed onto the next generation
Genes Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes;
Nucleolus Dark-staining spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits
Nuclear envelope Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nuclear pores Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus
Polyribosomes String of ribosomes simultaneously translation regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis
rRNA Ribosomal RNA; structural form of RNA found in ribosomes
mRNA Messenger RNA; type of RNA formed from DNA a template and bearing coded information for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
tRNA Transfer RNA; type of RNA that transfers a particular amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis; at one end it binds to the amino acid, and at the other end it has an anticodon that binds to an mRNA condon
Endomembrane system Cellular system that consists of the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum System of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes
Rough ER Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes
Smooth ER Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic cells; site of lipid synthesis; lacks attached ribosomes
Golgi apparatus Organelle consisting of sacs and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell
Lysosomes Membrane bound vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules and bacteria( used to recycle worn out cellular organelles
Microbodies Variety of membrane bound vesicles in eukaryotic cells that contain specialized enzymes to perform specific metabolic functions
Peroxisomes Enzyme filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products
Vacuoles Membrane bound sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances. In plants, the central vacuole fills much of the interior of the cell.
Central vacuole In a plant cell, al large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites. During growth, it enlarges, forcing the primary cell wall to expand and the cell surface-area-to-volume ratio to increase
Chloroplast Membrane bound organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place
Chlorophyll Green photosynthetic pigment of algae and plants that absorbs solar energy; occurs as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
Mitochondria Membrane bound organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration; powerhouse of the cell
Stroma Region within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana; contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis
Granum Stack of chlorophyll containing thylakoids in a chloroplast
Plastids Organelle of plants and algae that is bound by a double membrane and contains internal membranes and/or vesicles (ex. Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts)
Matrix Unstructured semi fluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles
Cristae Short finger like projections formed by the folding of inner membrane of mitochondria
Actin filaments Component of the cytoskeleton; plays a role in the movement of the cell and its organelles
Intermediate filaments Rope like assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so called because they are intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules
Microtubules Small cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella
Centrosome Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles.
Centrioles Cell structure, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a moronic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division
Cillia Short hair like projections from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in larger numbers
Compound light microscope Uses a set of glass lenses to focus light rays passing through a specimen to produce an image that is viewed by the human eye
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Uses a set of electromagnetic lenses to focus electrons passing through a specimen to produce an image, which is projected onto a fluorescent screen or photographic film.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Uses a narrow beam of electrons to scan over the surface of a specimen that is coated with a thin metal layer. Secondary electrons given off by the metal are detected and used to produce a 3D image on a tv screen.
Magnification The ratio between the size of an image and its actual size.
Resolution The minimum distance between two objects that allow them to be seen as two separate objects
Contrast A difference in the shading of an object compared to its background
Confocal microscopy Uses a laser beam scanned across the specimen to focus on a single shallow plane within a cell. a series of optical sections can be combined to create a 3D image which is displayed and rotated on a computer screen
Video enhanced contrast microscopy The computer makes the darkest areas of the original image much darker and the lightest areas of the original much lighter.
Mesosomes Internal pouches formed by the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells; most likely increase the internal surface area for the attachment of enzymes that are carrying on metabolic activities
Chromoplasts Plastic that contains pigments that result in yellow, orange or red color. Responsible for the color of fall leaves, fruits, carrots, and some flowers.
Leucoplasts Plastid that are generally colorless that synthesize and store starches and oils. Potatoes contains these.
Motor molecules Proteins that can attach, detach, and reattach farther along an actin filament
Myosin Motor molecule that uses ATP to pull actin filaments along its way; has both a head and tail; associated with actin filaments
Kinesin and dynein Motor molecules associated with Microtubules; kinesin moves vesicles or organelles in an opposite direction from dynein
Basal body A structure that lies at the base of cilia and flagella and may direct the organization of Microtubules within these structures; a basal body may do for a cilium or flagellum what the centrosome does for the cell.
A cell's small size allows them to maintain ______,which facilitates the transport of nutrients and wastes into and out if the cell. A large surface area to volume ratio
How is most DNA stored in a prokaryote? Stored in a single coiled chromosomes
Endosymbiotic theory Proposes that double membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts ( which have their own DNA separate from the nucleus's) were once independently living prokaryotes which were engulfed by a larger cell.
Functions of the Golgi membrane Synthesis and packing of materials for transport and the production of lysosomes
What is the purpose of vacuoles? They store material, dispose of wastes, and, especially in place, maintain water balance
The surface area to volume ratio defines what aspect of the cell? It's size
What best distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell? Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles while eukaryotic cell do
Of the following, which structures are found in prokaryotic cells: cell wall, ribosomes, thylakoids, chromosome, plasma membrane, nucleus, flagellum, Nucleolus, chloroplasts, capsule, plasmid, enzymes, DNA, mitochondria Plasmid, ribosomes, enzymes, DNA, mitochondria
A spherical shaped prokaryotic cell is called a Coccus
Which organelle most likely originated by invagination of the plasma membrane? Nucleus
What organelle(s) contain their/its own DNA, suggesting they were once independent prokaryotes? Mitochondria and chloroplasts
What are found in the nucleus? Chromatin that condenses to chromatin, Nucleolus that produces RNA, nucleoplasm instead of cytoplasm
The _____is(are) responsible for protein synthesis in a cell. Ribosomes
What is the basic unit of hereditary info? Gene
Vesicles from the rough ER most likely are on their way to _____ The Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes function in _____ Intercellular digestion
What is responsible for the synthesis of proteins that are being exported from the cell? Rough ER
Vesicles with specific metabolic functions in a cell are called Microbodies
These micro bodies break down fatty acids and contain catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes
What organelle is involved in cellular respiration? Mitochondria
Which organelle releases oxygen? Chloroplasts
What are found in chloroplasts? Grana, thylakoids, stroma
True or false; actin filaments are located under the plasma membrane. True
True or false: Microtubules are organized by centrosomes True
True or false: intermediate filaments are associated with the nuclear envelope True
True or false: motor molecules move materials along intermediate filaments False; actin filaments
Do cilia and flagella have a 9+0 pattern of Microtubules, the same as basal bodies? Yes
Do cilia a flagella contain myosin that pulls on actin filaments? No
Are cilia and flagella organized by basal bodies derived from centrioles? Yes
What are cell inclusions and macromolecules measured in because they are so small? Nanometers
Why is a small cell size for advantageous for exchanging molecules? It has a greater surface area to volume ratio
Why are cells alive but macromolecules are not? Unlike macromolecules, cells have the ability to reproduce and only come from preexisting cells
Explain why a large surface area to volume ratio is needed for the proper functioning of cells The movement of sufficient materials into and out of the cell requires an adequately large surface area relative to cell volume. Cell size is limited by the amount of surface area.
Coccus Spherical shaped bacterium
What is the important of glycocalyx in prokaryotic cells? It Aids against drying out and helps bacteria resist a hosts immune system and helps bacteria to attach to almost any surface
Purpose of plasma or cell membrane Regulates the entrance and exit of substances into and out of the cytoplasm.
The semifluid solution composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasma membrane Cytoplasm
How do prokaryotic ribosomes differ from those of eukaryotes Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
Cyanobacteria contain what extensive internal membranes in their cytoplasm Thylakoids
What three things does the flagella consist of? A filament, a hook, and a basal body( a series of rings anchored in a cell wall and membrane)
How does the flagellum of the prokaryotic cells differ from the eukaryotes The prokaryotic flagellum rotates 360 degrees while the eukaryotic flagellum moves in a whip like motion
The number and location of flagella can be used to help distinguish different ____ of prokaryotes Types
Are Fimbriae involved with lovomotion? No
What are Fimbriae involved in? Attaching prokaryotes to a surface
How does the ER communicate with the Golgi body? By means of transport vesicles
A liver cell whose function is partly to detoxify drugs and other ingested compounds contains a greater proportion of which organelle that accomplishes this task? Smooth ER
A nerve cell whose job is to conduct electrical signals across long distances contains more of what organelle relative to other cells? Plasma membrane
A red blood cell can____ it's nucleus to increase the surface area needed to carry oxygen in the blood. Eject
Describe the functions of the bacterial cell envelope, cytoplasm, and external structures Cell envelope: mesosome, plasma membrane, cell wall, glycocalyx; Cytoplasm: inclusion bodies, Nucleoid, ribosomes; Appendages: conjugation pilus, Fimbriae, and flagellum
Summarize the benefits of compartmentalization found in cells Separates various metabolic processes; localizes enzymes, substrates, and products; and allows cells to become specialized
Why do organelles increase cell efficiency and function? They effectively divide cellular work so that incompatible processes can occur simultaneously. This division of labor enables the cell to more quickly respond to environmental changes
Explain the origin of the nucleus, chloroplast, and the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells Nucleus: likely evolved from the invagination of the plasma membrane; Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: thought to have evolved when a larger eukaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell and eventually became dependent on the smaller organism
What three things( information wise) are contained inside the nucleus? Genetic info that is passed from cell to cell and generation to generation, specified info that ribosomes use to carry out protein synthesis, and instructions for copying itself
What is special about skeletal muscle cells? They can have more than one nucleus
How many proteins line each pore in the nuclear envelope? 8
Chromatin is the combination of what two things? Proteins and nucleic acids
Chromosomes are the carriers of what? Genetic info
Genetic info is organized on the chromosomes as what? Genes ( basic unit of heredity)
Where is rRNA produced? In the nucleolus
What does mRNA( a mobile molecule) act as for DNA(a sedentary molecule which specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein)? An intermediary
tRNA participates in the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide by recognizing what two things? mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis
How is the nucleus able to communicate with the cytoplasm? Through nuclear pores in its nuclear envelope
Why do pancreatic cells have many ribosomes? They produce secretions that contain proteins
What causes a ribosome to bind to the ER? Binding occurs only if the protein being synthesized by a ribosome begins with a sequence of amino acids called a signal peptide.
What is termed the central dogma of molecular biology? The DNA-mRNA-protein sequence of events
Distinguish between the chromatin and chromosomes within the nucleus Chromatin is made up of stands of DNA combined with proteins. When these strands condense and coil up, rod like structures called chromosomes are formed.
What is the importance of nuclear pores? Cells tightly regulate what enters and exits the nucleus by the user of nuclear pores.
How are endomembrane vesicles able to fuse with organelles? Heredity info encoded in genes located in the nucleus is transcribed into RNA molecules. Amino acid sequence is determined by RNA sequence through translation. Polypeptides produced from RNA are then folded into 3D structure that has a biological function
What does the endomembrane system consist of? Nuclear envelope, membranes of the ER, googling apparatus, and several types of vesicles
What is the endomembrane system continuous with? The nuclear envelope
The _____ usually consists of a stack of 3 to 20 slightly curved flattened saccules whose appearance can be compared to a stack of pancakes. Golgi apparatus
The cis side of the Golgi apparatus is directed towards the ____ and the trans side is directed toward the ______ in animal cells. ER, plasma membrane
White blood cells have a greater proportion of what organelle than other cells because their specialized function is to digest foreign bodies like pathogens. Lysosomes
Where do secretory vesicles take proteins where they exit the cell by exocytosis? Plasma membrane
Contrast the structure and functions of rough and smooth ER. Rough ER contains ribosomes while smooth ER doesn't. Rough ER synthesizes and modifies proteins while smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
Describe the relationship between the components of the endomembrane system. Transport vesicles from ER go to Golgi body to modify their contents and repackages them in new vesicles to be delivered to different specific locations. Incoming food and particles are packaged inside vesicles and delivered to lysosomes for break down.
How would cellular function be affected if the Golgi body ceased to function? It would prevent materials from reaching their necessary destinations thus disrupting cellular function and likely leading to cell death
The enzymes in Peroxisomes are synthesized by what and then transported into a Peroxisome from the cytoplasm? Free floating ribosomes
How are Peroxisomes used in plant cells? Germinating seeds require Peroxisomes to oxidize fatty acids into molecules that can be converted to sugars needed by the growing plant. Also Peroxisomes carry out the opposite reaction of photosynthesis in leaves.
What do contractile vesicles do? They rid the cell of excess water
In fat cells, how much of the volume of the cell does the lipid enforced vacuole take up? 2/3
The watery fluid that the vacuole is filled with that gives added support to the cell Cell sap
Structure and function of lysosomes v Peroxisomes Both are membrane bound vesicles that enclose enzymes. Lysosomes digest material taken into the cell and destroy nonfunctional organelles and cytoplasm. Peroxisomes break down fatty acids.
Where are the lysosomes and Peroxisomes produced in The cell. Lysosomes: enzymes produced in ER and loaded into the vesicle by the Golgi apparatus; Peroxisome: enzymes made in the cytoplasm and transported into the vesicle
Chloroplasts have a what kind of membrane system. Three membrane system
What does the double membrane of chloroplasts enclose? Semifluid stroma, which contains enzymes and thylakoids( dislike sacs formed from the third membrane)
Chlorophyll and the other pigments that capture solar energy are located in what membrane of chloroplasts? The thylakoid membrane
The inner membrane of mitochondria is highly convicted into folds called _____ that project into the matrix, Cristae
What is the purpose of cristae? Increase the surface area of the inner membrane
The inner membrane encloses a semifluid matrix, which contains what two things? Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
Summarize the roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts Both have roles I energy related reaction in cell. Mitochondria: carries out cellular respiration in which carbs are broken down to produce ATP. CHLOROPLASTS: carry out photosynthesis in which solar energy is used to synthesize carbs
Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria contain complex internal membrane structures? Mitochondria: provides large surface area that houses enzymes involved in cellular respiration. Chloroplasts: complex membranes of the thylakoids in chloroplasts provide a large area to contain chlorophyll and other pigments involved in photosynthesis
Actin filaments occur in what two forms? Mesh like networks or bundles
Each actin filament contains two chains of globular actin monomers twisted about one another in what manner? Helical
What pattern do flagella and cilia have? 9+2 pattern of Microtubules
Differentiate between the components of the cytoskeleton and how they provide support to the cell. Microtubules: help maintain cellular shape and provide an internal road system used to transport intracellular molecules. Intermediate filaments: anchor cells to each other and components in the External environment. Actin filaments:cellular movement
How is ATP used to produce movement in a cell? Cilia and flagella are both composed of Microtubules arranged in a particular pattern and enclosed by the plasma membrane. Cilia are shorter than flagella. ATP is used to produce cellular movement via Microtubules.
Describe the role of motor molecules and Microtubules in cilia and flagella Cellular movement from Microtubules is accomplished via motor molecules that use ATP.
Created by: RW19
 

 



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