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| Cell theory | show 🗑
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| show | The smallest unit of life that displays all the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane.
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| Surface-area-to-volume ration | show 🗑
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| Prokaryotic cells | show 🗑
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| Eukaryotic cells | show 🗑
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| Bacillus | show 🗑
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| show | Long rod shaped bacterium that is twisted into a rigid spiral
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| Spirochete | show 🗑
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| show | The portion composed of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx
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| show | Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell
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| Cell wall | show 🗑
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| show | Gel like coating outside the cell wall of a bacterium. If compact, it is called a capsule; if diffuse, it is called a slime layer
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| show | A form of glycocalyx that consists of a gelatinous layer; found in blue green algae and certain bacteria
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| show | Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bound by a nuclear envelope
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| show | Region of a cell between the nucleus, or the nucleus region of a bacterium, and the plasma membrane; contains the organelles of the cell
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| show | Extrachromosomal ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
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| Ribosomes | show 🗑
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| Cyanobacteria | show 🗑
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| Thylakoids | show 🗑
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| Flagella | show 🗑
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| Fimbriae | show 🗑
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| show | In a bacterium, elongated hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells
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| Organelles | show 🗑
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| show | Explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes
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| Vesicles | show 🗑
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| show | Internal framework of the cell, consisting of micro tubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
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| show | Membrane bound organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell
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| show | Semi fluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin
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| show | Network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within a nucleus of a cell
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| show | The structure that transmits the genetic material from one generation to the next; composed of condensed chromatin; each species of has particular number of chromosomes that is passed onto the next generation
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| Genes | show 🗑
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| show | Dark-staining spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits
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| Nuclear envelope | show 🗑
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| show | Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus
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| show | String of ribosomes simultaneously translation regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis
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| rRNA | show 🗑
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| mRNA | show 🗑
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| tRNA | show 🗑
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| Endomembrane system | show 🗑
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| Endoplasmic reticulum | show 🗑
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| show | Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes
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| Smooth ER | show 🗑
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| Golgi apparatus | show 🗑
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| Lysosomes | show 🗑
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| show | Variety of membrane bound vesicles in eukaryotic cells that contain specialized enzymes to perform specific metabolic functions
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| Peroxisomes | show 🗑
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| show | Membrane bound sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances. In plants, the central vacuole fills much of the interior of the cell.
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| show | In a plant cell, al large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites. During growth, it enlarges, forcing the primary cell wall to expand and the cell surface-area-to-volume ratio to increase
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| Chloroplast | show 🗑
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| show | Green photosynthetic pigment of algae and plants that absorbs solar energy; occurs as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
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| Mitochondria | show 🗑
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| show | Region within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana; contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis
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| Granum | show 🗑
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| Plastids | show 🗑
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| Matrix | show 🗑
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| show | Short finger like projections formed by the folding of inner membrane of mitochondria
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| show | Component of the cytoskeleton; plays a role in the movement of the cell and its organelles
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| Intermediate filaments | show 🗑
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| show | Small cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella
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| show | Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles.
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| show | Cell structure, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a moronic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division
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| show | Short hair like projections from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in larger numbers
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| Compound light microscope | show 🗑
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| show | Uses a set of electromagnetic lenses to focus electrons passing through a specimen to produce an image, which is projected onto a fluorescent screen or photographic film.
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| show | Uses a narrow beam of electrons to scan over the surface of a specimen that is coated with a thin metal layer. Secondary electrons given off by the metal are detected and used to produce a 3D image on a tv screen.
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| Magnification | show 🗑
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| Resolution | show 🗑
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| Contrast | show 🗑
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| show | Uses a laser beam scanned across the specimen to focus on a single shallow plane within a cell. a series of optical sections can be combined to create a 3D image which is displayed and rotated on a computer screen
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| Video enhanced contrast microscopy | show 🗑
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| Mesosomes | show 🗑
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| show | Plastic that contains pigments that result in yellow, orange or red color. Responsible for the color of fall leaves, fruits, carrots, and some flowers.
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| Leucoplasts | show 🗑
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| Motor molecules | show 🗑
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| Myosin | show 🗑
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| show | Motor molecules associated with Microtubules; kinesin moves vesicles or organelles in an opposite direction from dynein
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| show | A structure that lies at the base of cilia and flagella and may direct the organization of Microtubules within these structures; a basal body may do for a cilium or flagellum what the centrosome does for the cell.
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| show | A large surface area to volume ratio
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| How is most DNA stored in a prokaryote? | show 🗑
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| show | Proposes that double membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts ( which have their own DNA separate from the nucleus's) were once independently living prokaryotes which were engulfed by a larger cell.
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| show | Synthesis and packing of materials for transport and the production of lysosomes
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| show | They store material, dispose of wastes, and, especially in place, maintain water balance
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| The surface area to volume ratio defines what aspect of the cell? | show 🗑
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| What best distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell? | show 🗑
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| Of the following, which structures are found in prokaryotic cells: cell wall, ribosomes, thylakoids, chromosome, plasma membrane, nucleus, flagellum, Nucleolus, chloroplasts, capsule, plasmid, enzymes, DNA, mitochondria | show 🗑
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| show | Coccus
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| show | Nucleus
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| What organelle(s) contain their/its own DNA, suggesting they were once independent prokaryotes? | show 🗑
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| What are found in the nucleus? | show 🗑
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| show | Ribosomes
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| show | Gene
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| Vesicles from the rough ER most likely are on their way to _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Intercellular digestion
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| show | Rough ER
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| Vesicles with specific metabolic functions in a cell are called | show 🗑
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| These micro bodies break down fatty acids and contain catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide. | show 🗑
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| show | Mitochondria
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| Which organelle releases oxygen? | show 🗑
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| What are found in chloroplasts? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | True
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| True or false: intermediate filaments are associated with the nuclear envelope | show 🗑
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| True or false: motor molecules move materials along intermediate filaments | show 🗑
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| show | Yes
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| Do cilia a flagella contain myosin that pulls on actin filaments? | show 🗑
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| Are cilia and flagella organized by basal bodies derived from centrioles? | show 🗑
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| What are cell inclusions and macromolecules measured in because they are so small? | show 🗑
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| Why is a small cell size for advantageous for exchanging molecules? | show 🗑
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| show | Unlike macromolecules, cells have the ability to reproduce and only come from preexisting cells
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| Explain why a large surface area to volume ratio is needed for the proper functioning of cells | show 🗑
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| show | Spherical shaped bacterium
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| show | It Aids against drying out and helps bacteria resist a hosts immune system and helps bacteria to attach to almost any surface
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| Purpose of plasma or cell membrane | show 🗑
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| The semifluid solution composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasma membrane | show 🗑
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| show | Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
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| Cyanobacteria contain what extensive internal membranes in their cytoplasm | show 🗑
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| What three things does the flagella consist of? | show 🗑
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| show | The prokaryotic flagellum rotates 360 degrees while the eukaryotic flagellum moves in a whip like motion
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| show | Types
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| Are Fimbriae involved with lovomotion? | show 🗑
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| What are Fimbriae involved in? | show 🗑
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| show | By means of transport vesicles
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| A liver cell whose function is partly to detoxify drugs and other ingested compounds contains a greater proportion of which organelle that accomplishes this task? | show 🗑
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| show | Plasma membrane
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| show | Eject
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| Describe the functions of the bacterial cell envelope, cytoplasm, and external structures | show 🗑
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| Summarize the benefits of compartmentalization found in cells | show 🗑
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| Why do organelles increase cell efficiency and function? | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleus: likely evolved from the invagination of the plasma membrane; Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: thought to have evolved when a larger eukaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell and eventually became dependent on the smaller organism
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| show | Genetic info that is passed from cell to cell and generation to generation, specified info that ribosomes use to carry out protein synthesis, and instructions for copying itself
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| show | They can have more than one nucleus
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| How many proteins line each pore in the nuclear envelope? | show 🗑
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| show | Proteins and nucleic acids
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| Chromosomes are the carriers of what? | show 🗑
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| show | Genes ( basic unit of heredity)
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| show | In the nucleolus
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| What does mRNA( a mobile molecule) act as for DNA(a sedentary molecule which specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein)? | show 🗑
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| tRNA participates in the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide by recognizing what two things? | show 🗑
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| How is the nucleus able to communicate with the cytoplasm? | show 🗑
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| Why do pancreatic cells have many ribosomes? | show 🗑
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| What causes a ribosome to bind to the ER? | show 🗑
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| What is termed the central dogma of molecular biology? | show 🗑
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| show | Chromatin is made up of stands of DNA combined with proteins. When these strands condense and coil up, rod like structures called chromosomes are formed.
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| What is the importance of nuclear pores? | show 🗑
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| show | Heredity info encoded in genes located in the nucleus is transcribed into RNA molecules. Amino acid sequence is determined by RNA sequence through translation. Polypeptides produced from RNA are then folded into 3D structure that has a biological function
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| show | Nuclear envelope, membranes of the ER, googling apparatus, and several types of vesicles
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| show | The nuclear envelope
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| show | Golgi apparatus
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| show | ER, plasma membrane
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| show | Lysosomes
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| Where do secretory vesicles take proteins where they exit the cell by exocytosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Rough ER contains ribosomes while smooth ER doesn't. Rough ER synthesizes and modifies proteins while smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
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| show | Transport vesicles from ER go to Golgi body to modify their contents and repackages them in new vesicles to be delivered to different specific locations. Incoming food and particles are packaged inside vesicles and delivered to lysosomes for break down.
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| show | It would prevent materials from reaching their necessary destinations thus disrupting cellular function and likely leading to cell death
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| show | Free floating ribosomes
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| show | Germinating seeds require Peroxisomes to oxidize fatty acids into molecules that can be converted to sugars needed by the growing plant. Also Peroxisomes carry out the opposite reaction of photosynthesis in leaves.
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| show | They rid the cell of excess water
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| show | 2/3
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| show | Cell sap
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| Structure and function of lysosomes v Peroxisomes | show 🗑
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| Where are the lysosomes and Peroxisomes produced in The cell. | show 🗑
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| Chloroplasts have a what kind of membrane system. | show 🗑
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| show | Semifluid stroma, which contains enzymes and thylakoids( dislike sacs formed from the third membrane)
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| show | The thylakoid membrane
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| The inner membrane of mitochondria is highly convicted into folds called _____ that project into the matrix, | show 🗑
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| What is the purpose of cristae? | show 🗑
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| show | Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
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| show | Both have roles I energy related reaction in cell. Mitochondria: carries out cellular respiration in which carbs are broken down to produce ATP. CHLOROPLASTS: carry out photosynthesis in which solar energy is used to synthesize carbs
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| Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria contain complex internal membrane structures? | show 🗑
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| show | Mesh like networks or bundles
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| Each actin filament contains two chains of globular actin monomers twisted about one another in what manner? | show 🗑
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| What pattern do flagella and cilia have? | show 🗑
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| Differentiate between the components of the cytoskeleton and how they provide support to the cell. | show 🗑
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| show | Cilia and flagella are both composed of Microtubules arranged in a particular pattern and enclosed by the plasma membrane. Cilia are shorter than flagella. ATP is used to produce cellular movement via Microtubules.
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| show | Cellular movement from Microtubules is accomplished via motor molecules that use ATP.
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