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Philosophy 102
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Philosophy | The love of wisdom. |
Wisdom | 1. Get clear on WHAT you believe. 2. Get clear on WHY. 3. ASK: Do the reasons in 2 justify the belief in 1. |
Metaphysics | The study of what exists and the way or manner in which it exists. |
Ontology | The list of entities one is claiming exists. |
Epistemology | The study of knowledge. |
Ethics | The study of morality and morally correct action. |
Knowledge | Justified TRUE belief. |
Deontology | INTENTION based theory of ethics. |
Utilitarianism | CONSEQUENCE based theory of ethics. |
Skepticism | Rational doubt. |
Theoretical | Broadbased. Asked the general questions. |
Practical | Applying broadbased to practical case. |
Please state and explain one problem with cultural relativism | Cultural relativism leads to endorsing obviously immoral acts such as the Holocaust because Nazi culture said it was moral. |
Argument | A reason or set of reasons for thinking some other claim is true. |
Non-Argument | 1. Single Claim 2. String of Claims 3. Explanation |
Logic | The study or art of correct reasoning. |
String of Claims | A list of claims with no relationship of support. Apply the 'Therefore' test |
Critical Thinking | Thinking about thinking. Metathinking |
Claim | A SIMPLE declarative sentence. |
Premise | The SUPPORTING part of an argument. An argument must containat least 1 premise. |
Conclusion | The claim that is purportedly SUPPORTED by the premise(s). |
All arguments must consist of... | 2 claims. 1 PREMISE and 1 CONCLUSION. |
Objective Claim | Matter of FACT. |
Subjective Claim | Matter of Mere Opinion. |
Matter of FACT | When 2 or more people disagree, at least 1 person is wrong BUT everybody could be wrong. Is capable of being false. |
Matter of OPINION | When 2 or more people disagree, BOTH people are correct. |
Conditional Claim | A single claim. NOT an argument. If....then... |
Premise indicator words... | Since... For... Because... In view of... This is implied by... Given... |
Conclusion indicator words | Thus... Therefore... Hence... This shows that... This suggests that... Consequently... So... Accordingly... |
Explanation | NEVER in dispute. |
Suppressed conclusion | A conclusion that is supposed to be so obvious that it need not be stated. |
Suppressed premise | A premise that is supposed to be so obvious that it need not be stated. |
Premise surrogate | A phrase that indicates there are premises without actually articulating them. |
Finding the main issue | 1. Spot the conclusion 2. Turn the conclusion into a question. 3. Now, one has the issue at hand. |
Deductive argument | Relatively rare. In a good deductive argument, the conclusion is forced by the premise(s). *No other conclusion could follow. *the conclusion follows with strict necessity. |
Inductive argument | Always invalid. Any good inductive argument, the conclusion follows with the probability of greater than 50%. |
Semantic ambiguity | Ambiguity based on a word or phrase having another meaning. Our mothers bore us. |
Syntactic ambiguity | Ambiguity based on sentence structure. This morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. |
Matter of fact | Capable of being false. |