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Performance enhanc
Pharmacology-445
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ergogenic drug use is known as what?(13) | Doping |
| IOC defines doping as:(13) | the administration of or use by a competing athelete of any substance foreign to the body or of any physiological substance taken in abnormal quantity or taken by abnormal route of entry into the body with the sole intention of increasing performance. |
| Typical banned substances include:(13) | stimulants, anabolic agents, anti-inflammatory, beta-blockers and oxygen delivery enhancers |
| Amphetamines increase ______ (ergogenic effects): (13) | arousal, alertness, focus and attention |
| How do amphetamines work? (13) | via the CNS stimulants increase in BP, HR and respiration rate giving a feeling of power, strength, energy and focus. Masks feeling of fatigue. |
| What was the first class of drugs banned by the IOC? | stimulants |
| What are some common examples of stimulants? | amphetamines (Adderall. ritalin), caffeine [], ephedrine, cocaine, strychnine |
| Amphetamines stimulate which nervous systems? | CNS and the sampathetic division of the peripheral nervous systems |
| Amphetamines act as what agonists? | much like ephedrine, the amphetamines act like norepinephrine, binding to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (acting as alpha and beta agonists) |
| Amphetamines cause release of what nuerotransmitters in the CNS? | dopamine and norepinephrine, while preventing their uptake constanstly increasing concentration at synaptic cleft. |
| Unlike true catecholamines, amphetamines are able to ______: | readily cross the blood-brain barrier to act and CNS stimulants |
| What are the adverse effects of amphetamines? | decreased appetite, anxiety, blurred vision, fever, sweating, dizziness. More serious effects include arrythmias, SCD, stroke, psychosis. |
| Long term Amphetamine use causes: | long term amphetamine use leads to a tolerance, increasing use leads to a physical dependence. Hypertension, myocardial hypertrophy and cornary artery disease are associated. |
| What is the most popular drug in the world? | caffiene |
| Caffiene is found in what food and drinks? | coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate, soft drinks and numerous medications/supplements. |
| What is the banned level of caffeine is a urine sample? | 15 ug/mL (equivalent to 6 cups of coffee before testing) |
| Caffeine has a half-life of ___? | 3.5-4hrs |
| Normal dose vs. lethal dose of caffeine? | 300mg (3 cups of coffee)/ 170mg/kg of body weight |
| Caffeine interfers with what in the brain? | adenosine, at multiple sites, which depresses nerve cell activity and causes drowsiness |
| caffeine is a ______ antagonist. | adensosine receptor antagonist |
| Why does caffeine help with headaches? | causes cerebral vasoconstriction |
| Caffeine blocks what enzyme? | phosphodiesterase, that inactivates cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), so exitatory signals from epinephrine through cAMP persist longer |
| Adverse effects of Caffeine: | anxiety, jitters, headaches, irritablity, diurectic. crashing |
| ergogenic effects of caffeine include: | increased endurance, stimulates Ca++ ion activity, alter perception of fatigues |
| How does caffeine increase endurance? | increases fats availability and muscle lipid oxidation |
| Ephedra has long been used by: | Chinese and Indians, known as Ma-huang |
| Ma-huang has what two primary active ingredients? | ephedrine and psuedoephedrine |
| Ephedrine is used to treat: | idiopathic hypotension (low BP), athma (bronchospasm), narcolespy, nasal congestion |
| What increases effects of ephedrine? | aspirin and caffeine |
| Why is ephedra used as a weight loss supplement? | apetite supression, increased fat metabolism (ex. dexodrine and hydroxycut) |
| Half life of ephedrine: | 2.5-3.6 hours |
| Medicinal dosage of ephedrine: | 25-20mg orally, 5-25mg IV, 2-3 puffes of intranasal spray |
| How does caffeine work? | By blocking phosphodiesterase which inactivates the cAMP cycle. This results in longer action of excitation from epinephrine resulting from prolonged sympathetic stimulation |
| Ephedrines threshold of toxicicity is decreased by: | dehydration, exercise, and increased body temperature |
| What are some adverse effects of Ephedrine? | (minor)headaches, palpiations and tremors(major) seizures, tachycardia, myocardial injury. Increased BP, HR, CO |
| Why does caffeine and aprin aid ephedrine? | |
| What are anabolic agents? | substances that promote tissue growth |
| In what major way do anabolic agents promote tissue growth? | increased protein synthesis and |
| What are the three main ideas of performance enhanchment? | causes DNA to replicate protiens (increased synthesis), inhibits protein degredation and a psycological placebo effect |
| What ergogenic effects do anabolic steroids have? | increased red blood cell formation, increased lean muscle mass, accelerated bone growth, aggressive behavior |
| Steroids can increase the size of what three organs systems? | heart, liver, kidney |
| What are steroids used to treat? | hypogonadism, Metastic breast cancer and anemia |
| What are a few adverse effects of anabolic steroids? | liver/kidney damage, HCM, increased cholesterol levels (low HDL and high LDL), acne, roid rage and hypertension |
| What are the ergogenic effects of Growth Hormone? | increases muscle size and strength, hypertrophy which is desired by bodybuilders |
| Human Growth Hormone is used to treat what? | Hypogonadism, pituitary gland suppression, bone growth deficiencies |
| What actions does HGH take? | enhances amino acid uptake in the cell for protien synthesis while promoting bone, muscle and cartilage growth |
| What are the drug forms of HGH? | oral tablets and intrmuscular injection |
| What is Acromegaly? | enlarged forehead, jaw line and hands/feet |
| Describe the adverse effects of HGH? | acromegaly, metastasis of malignancies, altered thermoregulation and acceleracted osteoarthritis |
| What is EPO (erythropoietin) used to treat? | Anemia (kidney failure), secondary effects of cancer and AIDs |
| The body produces EPO to? | make red blood cells |
| What type of molecule is EPO? | glycoportien |
| EPO is widespread in what endurance sports? | cycling, marathon runners and cross country |
| What are the ergogenic effects of EPO? | Improved 02 delivery by increased amounts of hemoglobin, improved VO2 max |
| Name the adverse effects of EPO? | high BP due to blood viscocity, increased risk of throbosis (blood clot), overloading the heart (MI, stroke), Do not use if have sickle cell disease |
Created by:
cwc2447
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