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Chest/Abd Posit.
Chest/Abdmen Xray Positioning
| AP | Anteroposterior |
| CR | Computed Radiography |
| DR | Digital Radiography |
| IR | Image Receptor |
| kVp | kilovolt peak |
| mA | milliamperage |
| mAs | milliampere second |
| OID | Object to image distance |
| PA | posteroanterior |
| SID | Source to image distance |
| Anterior (ventral) | forward or front part |
| Posterior (dorsal) | back part |
| Caudad | toward the toes |
| Cephalad | toward the head |
| Inferior | nearer the feet or situated below |
| Superior | nearer the head or situated above |
| Central | middle area or main part |
| Peripheral | parts at or near the surface, edge or outside |
| Contralateral | part on opposite side of body |
| Ipsilateral | part on same side |
| Lateral | parts away from the middle |
| Medial | parts toward the middle |
| Deep | parts far from the surface |
| Superficial | parts near the skin |
| Distal | away from the center of the body |
| Proximal | toward the center of the body |
| External | outside |
| Internal | inside |
| Parietal | wall or lining of cavity |
| Visceral | covering an organ |
| Dorsum | top of foot or back of hand |
| Palmar | palm of hand |
| Plantar | sole of foot |
| Sagittal plane | divides body in half left and right |
| Midsagittal plane | exact mid line of body, equal left and right sides |
| Coronal plane | divides body in half front and back |
| Midcoronal plane | exactly mid line front and back |
| Horizontal plane | divides in half top and bottom |
| Oblique plane | divides body at any angle |
| What does the thoracic cavity contain? | lungs heart organs of the respiratory system organs of the cardiovascular system organs of the lymphatic system inferior portion of the esophagus thymus gland |
| The thoracic cavity extends from? | the superior thoracic aperture to the inferior thoracic aperture |
| What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? | the diaphragm |
| What are the three chambers in the thoracic cavity? | pericardial cavity and a right and left pleural cavities |
| What are the three cavities in the thorax lined with? | serous membranes |
| What is the space between the two pleural cavities? | mediastinum |
| What makes up the bony thorax? | sternum 12 pairs of ribs 12 thoracic vertebras |
| What makes up the respiratory system? | pharynx trachea bronchi two lungs |
| Hypersthenic | large frame/ heavy set short and wide |
| Sthenic | average |
| Hyposthenic | slender thin and tall long and wide |
| Asthenic | old and frail extremely tiny |
| What is the fibrous, muscular tube with 16-20 cartilaginous rings? | trachea |
| Where does the trachea lie? | in the midline of the body, anterior (in front) to the esophagus in the neck |
| What makes the trachea shift slightly to the right in the thorax? | arching of the aorta |
| The trachea extends from? | C6 to T4/T5 |
| What is the elongated, hook-like process at the end of the trachea? | carina |
| What happens at the carina? | the trachea divides (bifurcates) into two lesser tubes (the primary bronchi) |
| What are the two primary bronchi? | right primary bronchi and left primary bronchi |
| Which primary bronchi is shorter, wider and more vertical? | right primary bronchi |
| Which bronchus is more likely to have foreign bodies pass into it? | right primary bronchi |
| Primary bronchus divide into? | secondary bronchi then tertiary bronchi then bronchioles then terminal bronchioles |
| What do terminal bronchioles communicate with? | alveolar ducts |
| Alveolar ducts end in several alveolar sacs. What are the walls of the alveolar sacs lined with? | alveoli |
| What is exchanged in the alveoli? | oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| What are the organs of respiration? | the lungs |
| What organ introduces oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood? | the lungs |
| What are the lungs composed of? | a light spongy, highly elastic substance called the parenchyma |
| The top of the lungs is called and where does it reach? | the apex or apices reaches above the clavicles |
| What do the lung bases rest on? | the diaphragm |
| Are the lungs lower in the back and at the sides than in the front? | true |
| Which lungs is shorter because of the liver? | the right lung by 1 inch |
| Which lung is broader because of the heart? | the right lung |
| The inferior surface of the lung is ________ because of the diaphragm? | concave |
| Which way do the lungs move during inspiration? | inferiorly (down) |
| Which way do the lungs move during expiration? | superiorly (up) |
| During inspiration the lungs move into? | the costophrenic angles |
| What is the depression in the mediastinal surface that accommodates the bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves? | hilum |
| What is the concavity of the left lung? | cardiac notch |
| What is each lung enclosed in? | a double-walled, serous membrane sac called pleura |
| The inner layer of the pleural sac that adheres closely to the surface of the lung is called? | visceral pleura |
| The outer layer of the pleural sac that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity and adheres to the diaphragm is called? | parietal pleura |
| What prevents friction between the lungs and chest wall? | serous fluid |
| What is the space between the two pleural walls? | pleural cavity |
| The right lung is divided into ____ lobes? | three |
| The left lung is divided into _____ lobes? | two |
| What are the 3 lobes of the right lung? | superior, middle and inferior lobes |
| What are the two lobes of the left lung? | superior and inferior lobes |
| How many fissures does the right lung have and what are their names? | two fissures horizontal fissure and oblique fissure |
| How many fissures does the left lung have and what are their names? | one fissure oblique fissure |
| What is the area of the thorax that is surrounded by the sternum (anteriorly), spine (posteriorly) and the lungs (laterally)? | mediastinum |
| What is in the mediastinum? | heart great vessels trachea esophagus thymus lymphatics nerves fibrous tissue fat |
| What structures are in the mediastinum? | heart trachea esophagus thymus |
| Body landmarks: what is at the inferior border of the scapulae? | T7 |
| Body landmarks: what is at C7 (spinous process) | apex of the lung |
| What can increase or decrease the space in the chest cavity dependent on breathing? | the diaphragm |
| What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale? | it contracts and moves inferiorly (down), increasing the space in the chest cavity |
| What happens to the diaphragm when you exhale? | it relaxes and move superiorly (up), decreasing the space in the chest cavity |
| For a PA Projection of the Chest, what size image receptor would you use? | 14 x 17 inch (35x43 cm) lengthwise or crosswise for wide patients |
| For a PA Projection of the Chest, what is the SID? | minimum of 72 inches (183cm) |
| Why are most chest x-rays at an SID of 72 inches? | to decrease the magnification of the heart |
| What will be the position of the patient for a PA Projection of the Chest? | upright, either standing or seated facing the Bucky |
| Where should the top of the IR height be for a PA Projection of the Chest? | 2 inches above the relaxed shoulders |
| Center the _________ to the midline of the IR for a PA Projection of the Chest? | midsagittal plane of the patient |
| How should the patient be for a PA Projection of the chest? | Standing straight with chin up |
| What should you have the patient do with their arms for the PA Projection of the Chest? | flex the elbows and rest the backs of the hands low on the hips, keep shoulders relaxed |
| Why do we have the patient roll their shoulders forward for the PA Projection of the Chest? | to rotate the scapulae outward and laterally to reduce superimposition of the scapulae with the lungs |
| What is the last thing you must do before stepping out of the room for the PA Projection of the Chest? | place a lead shield between the x-ray tube and patient to protect gonads place L marker in light field on the patient's left side |
| When should you take the exposure for a PA Projection of the Chest? | after the second full inspiration (holding breath in) |
| How should the central ray be positioned for a PA Projection of the Chest? | it will be perpendicular to the IR |
| Where will the central ray enter the patient for a PA Projection of the Chest? | it will enter at the level of T7 or the inferior border of the scapula, in the midsagittal plane |
| What anatomy (structures) should you see on a PA Projection of the Chest x-ray? | air-filled trachea the lungs diaphragmatic domes the heart shadow aortic knob if enlarged, the thyroid or thymus gland |
| What criteria is important to see on a PA Projection of a Chest? | entire lung field (apices-cosophrenic angles) no rotation trachea visible in the midline scapulae projected outside the lung fields 10 posterior ribs above diaphragm sharp outlines of heart & diaphragm shadows of the ribs & t-spine lung markings |
| How can you tell if the x-ray was taken PA or AP? | PA clavicles will have an angle AP clavicles will be horizontal |
| For a Lateral Projection of the Chest, what size image receptor would you use? | 14 x 17 inch (35x43cm) lengthwise |
| For a Lateral Projection of the Chest, what is the SID? | minimum 72 inches (183cm) |
| What will be the position of the patient for a Lateral Projection of the Chest? | upright position, either standing or sitting, turned in a true lateral position with one side against the Bucky |
| Why do you want the patient in the upright position if possible? | so the diaphragm is at its lowest and air fluid levels can be seen also to avoid engorgement of the pulmonary vessels |
| Which side of the patient should be against the IR for a Lateral Projection to show the heart and left lung? What is the position called? | left side against the IR left lateral position (more common position) |
| Which side of the patient should be against the IR for a Lateral Projection to show the right lung? What is the position called? | right side against the IR right lateral position (not as common unless following something in the right lung specifically) |
| Position the patient for a Lateral Projection so that the midsagittal plane is _______ with the IR with one shoulder touching the Bucky? | parallel |
| For a Lateral Projection, center the thorax to the Bucky. The midcoronal plane should be _________ and centered to the middline of the Bucky. | perpendicular |
| Where should you have your patient place their arms for a Lateral Projection? | extend the arms upward, either resting on their head or a stand |
| Where should the top of the IR height be for a Lateral Projection of the Chest? | 2 inches above the relaxed shoulders (shouldn't need to adjust if doing PA Projection first because the patient's height did not change) |
| What is the last thing you must do before stepping out of the room for the Lateral Projection of the Chest? | place a lead shield between the x-ray tube and patient to protect gonads place L marker in light field on the patient's left side (or R marker on right side) |
| When should you take the exposure for a Lateral Projection of the Chest? | after the second full inspiration (holding breath in) |
| How should the central ray be positioned for a Lateral Projection of the Chest? | it will be perpendicular to the IR |
| Where will the central ray enter the patient for a Lateral Projection of the Chest? | it will enter at the level of T7 or the inferior aspect of the scapula, in the midcoronal plane |
| What anatomy (structures) should you see on a Lateral Projection of the Chest x-ray? | left lateral will show heart, aorta, interlobar fissures & left sided pulmonary lesions right lateral will show right sided pulmonary lesions & interlobar fissures |
| What criteria is important to see on a Lateral Projection of a Chest? | no arm soft tissue cosophrenic angles & lower apices hilum centered superimposition of ribs posterior to spine lateral sternum-no rotation open t-spine spaces & foramina sharp outlines of heart & diaphragm penetration of lung fields & heart |
| How would you line up the midsagittal plane for a PA Projection? | use the spine as a landmark |
| How would you line up the midcoronal plane for a Lateral Projection? | use the ear down through the shoulder |
| What is the difference between projection and position? | projection is how the beam enters and exits position is how the patient is positioned |
| When would you use the AP Projection of the Chest? | when a patient is too ill, can't sit or stand |
| For an AP Projection of the Chest, what size image receptor would you use? | 14 x 17 inch (35x43cm) lengthwise or crosswise depending on patient size |
| For an AP Projection of the Chest in a supine position, what is the SID? | minimum of 60 inches (150cm) when the patient is supine because of tube & table restrictions |
| For an AP Projection of the Chest in a upright position, what is the SID? | minimum of 72 inches (183cm) |
| What will be the position of the patient for a AP Projection of the Chest? | supine on x-ray table or a stretcher (IR in table Bucky) upright in a wheelchair or stretcher (IR directly behind the patient's back) |
| For an AP Projection of the Chest, center the ______ plane of the chest to the IR? | midsagittal |
| Where should the top of the IR height be for a AP Projection of the Chest? | 2 inches above the relaxed shoulders |
| What should you have the patient do with their arms for the AP Projection of the Chest? | if possible, flex the elbows and rest the backs of the hands low on the hips, keep shoulders relaxed if not possible, roll shoulders forward & keep arms at sides but away from thorax |
| What is the last thing you must do before stepping out of the room for the AP Projection of the Chest? | place a lead shield between the x-ray tube and patient to protect gonads place marker in light field on the patient's correct side |
| When should you take the exposure for an AP Projection of the Chest? | after the second full inspiration (holding breath in) |
| How would you make the sternum and x-ray tube perpendicular to each other for an AP Projection of the Chest? | raise the patient's body slightly or angle the x-ray tube slightly to get them perfectly perpendicular |
| How should the central ray be positioned for a AP Projection of the Chest? | perpendicular to the long axis of the sternum and center to the IR |
| Where will the central ray enter the patient for an AP Projection of the Chest? | 3 inches below the jugular notch |
| What anatomy (structures) should you see on an AP Projection of the Chest x-ray? | air-filled trachea the lungs diaphragmatic domes the heart shadow aortic knob if enlarged, the thyroid or thymus gland |
| What makes an AP Projection different from a PA Projection when looking at the x-ray image? | since the heart and great vessels are farther from the IR, they will be magnified and engorged lung fields appear shorter because abdominal compression moves the diaphragm higher |
| How can you tell that the x-ray image is an AP Projection? | the clavicles are projected higher and take a more horizontal appearance |
| What criteria is important to see on an AP Projection of a Chest? | entire lung fields no rotation clavicles equidistant from spine air filled trachea midline clavicles lie horizontal pleural markings |
| What are two other names for an AP Axial Projection? | Lindblom method or AP Lordotic |
| For an AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest, what size image receptor would you use? | 14 x 17 inch (35x43cm) lengthwise |
| For an AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest, what is the SID? | minimum of 72 inches (183cm) |
| What will be the position of the patient for a AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest? | have the patient stand with their back 3in-1ft away from the upright Bucky |
| For an AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest, center the ______ plane of the chest to the IR? | midsagittal |
| Where should the top of the IR height be for a AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest? | about 3 inches above the shoulders once the patient is in the angled position |
| What is the Lordotic position of the patient for a AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest? | patient will lean back at a 15 to 20 degree angle so that their shoulders touch/lean on the Bucky their chin should be up and their back should be arched |
| What should you have the patient do with their arms for the AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest? | flex the elbows and rest the backs of the hands low on the hips, keep shoulders relaxed & rolled forward |
| What is the last thing you must do before stepping out of the room for the AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest? | place a lead shield between the x-ray tube and patient to protect gonads place marker in light field on the patient's correct side |
| When should you take the exposure for an AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest? | after the second full inspiration (holding breath in) |
| How should the central ray be positioned for a AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest? | perpendicular to the center of the IR |
| Where will the central ray enter the patient for an AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest? | at the level of the midsternum (T5) |
| What anatomy (structures) should you see on an AP Lordotic Projection of the Chest x-ray? | lungs and their apices conditions such as interlobar effusions free of superimposition of the clavicle |
| On an AP Lordotic Projection x-ray, how will the clavicles be seen? | the clavicles will be seen above the apices and be straight |
| What criteria is important to see on an AP Lordotic Projection of a Chest? | entire apices and lungs clavicles located above apices sternal ends of the clavicles equidistant no rotation clavicles lie horizontal, sternal ends overlap the 1st and 2nd ribs only |
| When you angle the x-ray tube, cephalad or caudad, what do you need to make sure? | that the Bucky is still centered & the grid lines are going the same way or they will show up on the image |
| What does recumbent mean? | lying down |
| What does decubitus mean? | lying down can be on left or right side or back or stomach |
| What is the AP or PA Decubitus the same as? | it is a normal chest x-ray just lying down! |
| When looking for fluid which decube position would be the best? | affected side down |
| When looking for free air which decube position would be the best? | affected side up |
| For an AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest, what size image receptor would you use? | 14 x 17 in (35x43cm) lengthwise |
| For an AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest, what is the SID? | minimun 72 inches (183cm) |
| What is the most important thing when looking for free air or fluid? | patient must remain in the position for 3-5 minutes for the fluid to settle and air to rise |
| What will be the position of the patient for a AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest? | lying down on either their left or right side |
| If you are looking a fluid in the lungs, in the AP or PA Decubitus and the patient is lying on the affected side, what else must you do? | place the patient on a 1 in cushion to elevate the body |
| What should you have the patient do with their arms for the AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest? | extend the arms well above the head |
| Where should the top of the IR height be for a AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest? | 2 inches above the relaxed shoulders |
| When should you take the exposure for an AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest? | after the second full inspiration (holding breath in) |
| What is the last thing you must do before stepping out of the room for the AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest? | place a lead shield between the x-ray tube and patient to protect gonads place marker in light field on the patient's correct side (usually side up) |
| How should the central ray be positioned for a AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest? | tube should be horizontal to the floor perpendicular to the center of the IR |
| Where will the central ray enter the patient for an AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest? | AP at the level of 3 inches below the jugular notch PA at the level of T7 |
| What anatomy (structures) should you see on an AP or PA Decubitus of the Chest x-ray? | the lungs a change in fluid position or air in lungs |
| What criteria is important to see on an AP or PA Decubitus of a Chest? | affected side in its entirety apices to cosophrenic angles no rotation clavicles equidistant from the spine patient's arms not visible annotate "side up" or "decube" |
| For an Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest, what size image receptor would you use? | 14 x 17 in (35x43cm) lengthwise |
| For an Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest, what is the SID? | minimun 72 inches (183cm) |
| What will be the position of the patient for a Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest? | recumbent, prone or supine must elevate the thorax 2-3 inches to see entire lung field |
| What is the most important thing when looking for free air or fluid in a Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus? | patient must remain in the position for 3-5 minutes for the fluid to settle and air to rise |
| Which side should be against the IR for the Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus? | the affected side |
| What should you have the patient do with their arms for the Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest? | arms well above the head |
| Where should the top of the IR height be for a Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest? | at the level of the thyroid cartilage |
| What is the last thing you must do before stepping out of the room for the Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest? | place a lead shield between the x-ray tube and patient to protect gonads place marker in light field on the patient's correct side (usually side closest to IR) |
| When should you take the exposure for an Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest? | after the second full inspiration (holding breath in) |
| How should the central ray be positioned for a Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest? | horizontal and centered to the IR |
| Where will the central ray enter the patient for an Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest? | in the midcoronal plane dorsal enters 3-4 inches below jugular notch ventral enters at T7 |
| What anatomy (structures) should you see on an Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of the Chest x-ray? | the lungs shows a change in fluid shows areas not seen in an AP or PA |
| What criteria is important to see on an Ventral or Dorsal Decubitus of a Chest? | entire lung fields anterior and posterior surfaces of the lungs no arms showing no rotation T7 in the center of the IR annotate "side up" or "decube" |
| What are the two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity? | abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity |
| The abdominal cavity extends from? | the diaphragm to the superior aspect of the bony pelvis |
| What organs are in the abdominal cavity? | stomach small & large intestine liver gallbladder spleen pancreas kidneys |
| The pelvic cavity lies within? | the margins of the bony pelvis |
| What organs are in the pelvic cavity? | rectum sigmoid of the large intestine urinary bladder reproductive organs |
| What is the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed in? | a double-walled seromembranous sac called peritoneum |
| The outer portion of the sac (peritoneum) that is in close contact with the abdominal wall, the greater (false) pelvic wall and the under surface of the diaphragm is called? | parietal peritoneum |
| The inner portion of the sac (peritoneum) that is positioned over or around the contained organs is called? | visceral peritoneum |
| The peritoneum forms fold that support the viscera in position are called? | mesentery and omenta |
| What is the largest gland in the body? | the liver |
| What is an irregular wedge-shaped gland with its base on the right and apex anteriorly and to the left? | the liver |
| The liver is divided at the _________, into a large right lobe and a smaller left lobe? | falciform ligament |
| What two things conveys blood to the liver? | portal vein and hepatic artery |
| What does the liver produce? | bile |
| Bile helps eliminate? | red blood cell destruction |
| What is an excretion and a secretion? | bile |
| Bile is collected from the _______ and is carried to the gallbladder for temporary storage or sent directly to the duodenum through the common bile duct? | liver cells |
| During digestion, where is most of the bile routed to? | gallbladder |
| What is a thin walled, pear-shaped, musculomembranous sac? | the gallbladder |
| What is the main function of the gallbladder? | concentrates bile, stores bile and evacuates bile during digestion |
| Where is the gallbladder located? | in a fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver |
| Whats happens to the gallbladder in different body habitus? | the position of it varies |
| What is an elongated glad situated across the posterior abdominal wall? | pancreas |
| Where does the pancreas extend from? | the duodenum to the spleen |
| The pancreas consists of? | a head, neck, body and tail |
| The pancreas broadest portion is located at? | the level of L2/L3 |
| Pancreas is only seen using? | CT imaging |
| What is an exocrine and endocrine gland? | the pancreas |
| What role does the pancreas play? | produces insulin and glucagon, which helps metabolize sugar |
| The spleen belongs in which system? | lymphatic system |
| What is a gland-like ductless organ the produces lymphocytes and stores and removes dead red blood cells? | spleen |
| Where is the spleen located? | just below the diaphragm, behind the stomach |
| The spleen can be seen with or without _____? | contrast media |
| How many quadrants are there? | four |
| RUQ | right upper quadrant |
| RLQ | right lower quadrant |
| LUQ | left upper quadrant |
| LLQ | left lower quadrant |
| What organs are in the right upper quadrant? | liver gallbladder duodenum head of pancreas right kidney and adrenal gland hepatic flexure of colon |
| What organs are in the right lower quadrant? | cecum appendix ascending colon right ovary and fallopian tube right ureter |
| What organs are in the left upper quadrant? | stomach spleen left lob of liver body of pancreas left kidney and adrenal gland splenic flexure or colon transverse and descending colon |
| What organs are in the left lower quadrant? | descending colon sigmoid colon left ovary and fallopian tube left ureter |
| How many regions of the abdomen are there? | 9 |
| Body landmark: iliac crest | level of L4 |
| Body landmark: greater trochanter | level of pubic symphysis |
| What can increase or decrease the space in the abdominal cavity dependent on breathing? | the diaphragm |
| What happens to the diaphragm (and the abdomen) when you inhale? | it contracts and moves inferiorly (down), decreasing the space in the abdomen pushes abdominal contents down |
| What happens to the diaphragm (and the abdomen) when you exhale? | it relaxes and moves superiorly (up), increasing the space in the abdominal cavity |
| What is a major factor when imaging the abdomen? | the wide range in the thicknesses |
| KUB | kidneys, ureters, bladder |
| ASP | abdominal single position |
| Flat Plate | another name for an abdominal x-ray |
| ATP | abdomen two position |
| Supine Abd. | 1 view supine |
| Upright Abd. | 1 view upright |
| 2 Pos. | 2 view abdomen |
| How would you position the IR for an obese patient? | either 4 separate x-rays of the 4 quadrants or 2 crosswise |
| For an AP Projection of the Abdomen, what size image receptor would you use? | 14 x 17 in (35x43cm) lengthwise |
| For an AP Projection of the Abdomen, what is the SID? | 40 inches (100cm) |
| What will be the position of the patient for an AP Projection of the Abdomen? | supine or upright |
| For an AP Projection of the Abdomen, center the ______ plane of the body to the IR? | midsagittal |
| What should you have the patient do with their arms for the AP Projection of the Abdomen? | arms should be away, not in the light field |
| How should you support the patient in a supine position for the AP Projection of the Abdomen? | place a cushion under the knees to relieve strain |
| How should you have your patient when in the upright position for the AP Projection of the Abdomen? | standing, distribute weight equally on the feet |
| What is the last thing you must do before stepping out of the room for the AP Projection of the Abdomen? | place a lead shield between the x-ray tube and patient to protect gonads place correct marker on the IR or patients hip |
| When should you take the exposure for an AP Projection of the Abdomen? | after the end of expiration (breathing out, hold out) |
| How should the central ray be positioned for an AP Projection of the Abdomen? | supine- perpendicular to the IR upright- horizontal |
| Where will the central ray enter the patient for an AP Projection of the Abdomen? | supine-level of iliac crests upright- 2 inches above level of iliac crests |
| What anatomy (structures) should you see on an AP Projection of the Abdomen? | size and shape of the livver the spleen kidneys intra-abdominal calcifications tumor masses psoas muscle |
| What criteria is important to see on an AP Projection of the Abdomen? | pubic symphysis to upper abdomen centered spine pelvis equidistant to sides of image no rotation soft tissue showing psoas muscle, lower border of liver, kidneys transverse processes of L-spine marker visible upright-annotated |
| For an AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen, what size image receptor would you use? | 14 x 17 in (35x43cm) crosswise |
| For an AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen, what is the SID? | 40 in (100cm) |
| What will be the position of the patient for an AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen? | left lateral decubitus position - left side down use a cushion to get the patient off the table flex the knees to provide stabilization |
| Why is the left side usually down for the Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen? | because the air fluid levels, stomach gets in the way of seeing |
| What should you have the patient do with their arms for the AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen? | patient's arms must be above the head |
| How long must the patients lay in the position for the air to rise and fluid to settle? | 3 to 5 minutes |
| For an AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen, adjust so that the long axis of the IR is centered to the ______ plane? | midsagittal |
| What is the last thing you must do before stepping out of the room for the AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen? | place a lead shield between the x-ray tube and patient to protect gonads place correct marker on the IR |
| When should you take the exposure for an AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen? | after the end of expiration (breathing out, hold out) |
| How should the central ray be positioned for an AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen? | directed horizontal and perpendicular to the midpoint of the IR |
| Where will the central ray enter the patient for an AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen? | at the level of the iliac crests or 2 inches above |
| What anatomy (structures) should you see on an AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen? | size and shape of liver spleen kidneys free-air and air fluid levels* most valuable |
| What criteria is important to see on an AP or PA Lateral Decubitus of the Abdomen? | diaphragms to pubic symphysis both sides of abdomen no rotation annotation of which side is up |
| For a Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen, what size image receptor would you use? | 14 x 17 in (35x43cm) crosswise |
| For an Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen, what is the SID? | 40 in (100cm) |
| What will be the position of the patient for an Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen? | patient is supine with IR on left or right side flex the knees for stability |
| What should you have the patient do with their arms for the Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen? | arms above head |
| For an Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen, adjust so that the long axis of the IR is centered to the ______ plane? | midcoronal |
| What is the last thing you must do before stepping out of the room for the Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen? | place a lead shield between the x-ray tube and patient to protect gonads place correct marker on the IR |
| When should you take the exposure for an Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen? | after the end of expiration (breathing out, hold out) |
| How should the central ray be positioned for an Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen? | directed horizontal and perpendicular to the center of the IR |
| Where will the central ray enter the patient for an Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen? | entering at the midcornonal plane, 2 inches above the level of the iliac crests |
| What anatomy (structures) should you see on an Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen? | anterior and posterior of the abdomen prevertebral spaces air-fluid levels |
| What criteria is important to see on an Dorsal Decubitus of the Abdomen? | diaphragm without motion entire abdomen and organs air-fluid levels |
| How long should the patient be laying in the dorsal decubitus position before exposure? | 3-5 minutes |
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