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3Bases of Behavior
terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Charles Darwin (1831) | "the Origin of Species". Darwin set forth sciences grandest theory: natural selection. |
| Natural Selection | Every species comes from a set of ancestors, and through evolution have evolved to their present state, through survival of the fittest |
| Genotype | a genetic structure, inherited from parents |
| Phenotype | interaction of genetics with environment to create adaptions. |
| Heredity | the inheritance of physical and psychological traits from ancestors |
| Genetics | The study of heredity |
| Gregor Mendel (1822-1844) | pea experiments, discovered the fact that offspring inherit physical appearance from origin |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material in each cell |
| Genes | DNA is made up of these tiny units found on chromosomes, which contain the coding for development |
| Genome | full sequence of genes found on the chromosomes with the associated DNA |
| Heritability | estimation of whether offspring will inherit different traits; measured on a scale of 0-1, 0 being environmental influences, 1 being genetic influences |
| Sociobiology | study evolutionary explanations for social behavior and social systems |
| Evolutionary Psychology | extends sociobiology to the human mind |
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) | The human body is an "animal machine" that can be understood scientifically - by discovering natural laws through empirical observation |
| Neuron | a cell specialized to retrieve, process and/or transmit information to other cells within the body- reveives a balance of excitatory and inhibitory impulses |
| Dendrites | branched fibers which extend outward from the cell body. They receive stimulation from sense receptors or other neurons. |
| Soma | contains the nucleus of the cell and the cytoplasm that sustains life. The soma integrates information about the stimulation recieved from the dendrites and passes it to the axon. |
| Axon | the single extended fiber that conducts information along it's length. |
| Terminal Buttons | the neuron stimulates nearby glands with this swollen, bulb like structure |
| Sensory Neurons | carry messages form sense receptor cells toward central nervous system. Very specialized to light, sound and body position. |
| Motor Neurons | carry messages away from the central nervous system towards muscles and glands. |
| Interneurons | relay messages from sensory neurons to other interneurons or to motor neurons. |
| Glia | glia cells hold neurons in place,perform cleanup,form insulation called the myelin sheath, and prevents toxic substances in the blood form reaching the brain |
| Myelin Sheath | fatty insulation that greatly increases the speed of nerve signal conduction. Formed of glia cells |
| Ions | electrically charged particles |
| Resting potential | fluid inside the cell is polarized, with respect to the fluid outside the cell. |
| Ion channels | excitable portion of the cell membrane that selectively permit certain ions to flow in and out. |
| All-or-None Law | the size of the action potential is unaffected by increase in the intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold level. |
| Nodes of Ranvier | breaks in the tubing of the mylenial sheath. The action potential literally skips form one node to the next, saving time and energy. |
| Refractory Period | during absolute refractory, further stimulation cannot cause another action potential to be generated. Relative refractory allows the neuron to fire in response to strong stimulus |
| Synapse | a small gap between the presynaptic membrane (terminal button of the sending neutron) and the postsynaptic membrane. |
| Synaptic Transmission | the series of events which are the relaying of information from one neuron to another across the synaptic gap |
| Neurotransmitter | biochemical substances that stimulate other neurons. |
| Synaptic Cleft | the gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of the next |
| Receptor Molecules | neurotransmitters attach to these, they are embedded into the postynaptic membrane |
| Acetylcholine | is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Deterioration of this is believed to be the cause of Alzheimers. Causes muscles and nerves to jump. |
| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) | the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It may be used as a messenger in as many as a third of all brain synapses. |
| Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Serotonin | called the catecholamines, they are a class of chemical substances that include two important neurtranmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine. Seratonin produced by neurons in the brain stem, is involved in arousal and many autonomic processes. |
| Endorphins | a group of chemicals that are usually classified as neuromodulators. They control emotional behaviors |
| Neuromodulator | any substance that modifies or modulates the activities of the postsynaptic neuron. |
| rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation | uses pules of magnetic stimulation to create temporary, irreversible "lesions" in human participants--without any damage being done to tissue, brain regions can be briefly inactivated |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | an amplified tracing of the brain activity |
| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate pulses of energy within the brain. |
| CNS (Central Nervous System) | all the neurons in the brain and spinal cord |
| PNS (Peripheral Nervous System | made up of all the neurons forming the nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the body |
| Somatic Nervous System | regulates the actions of the body's skeletal muscles. |
| ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) | sustains basic life processes. On the job 24/7 regulating bodily functions that you don't consciously control, such as respiration, digestion and arousal. Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic Division | governs responses to emergency situations. The "troubleshooter" of the system. Controls "fight or flight" |
| Parasympathetic Division | monitors the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Calms body after sympathetic fight or flight called into play. Also plays the role of "housekeeper" |
| Brain Stem | structures of the brain involved primarily with autonomic processes such as heart rate, breathing, swallowing and digestion |
| Limbic System | involved with motivation, emotion and memory processes. also regulates body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level and performs other housekeeping activities. |
| Cerebrum | Encompasses the limbic and brain stem, the universe of the human mind exists in this region. |
| Cerebral Cortex | surface layer of the cerebrum, the cortex integrates sensory information, coordinates movements and facilitates abstract thinking and reasoning. |
| Medulla | located at the very top of the spinal cord, is the center for breathing, blood pressure, and the beating of the heart. Nerve fibers ascending from the body form the brain cross over at the medulla, left and right brain are linked here. |
| Pons | located directly above the medulla, provides inputs to other structures in the brain stem and to the cerebellum. (pon means bridge). |
| Reticular Formation | a dense network of nerve cells that serves as the brain's sentinel. Arouses the cerebral cortex to attend to new stimulation and keeps the brain alert even during sleep. |
| Thalamus | channels incoming sensory information to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex, where the information is processed. |
| Cerebellum | attached to the brain stem at the base of the skull, coordinates bodily movements, controls posture, and maintains equilibrium. |
| Hippocampus | the largest of the limbic system structures, plays an important role in the acquisition of memories. |
| Amygdala | plays a role in emotional control and the formation of emotional memories. |
| Hypothalamus | one of the smallest structures in the brain, composed of several nuclei, small bundles of neurons that regulate physiological processes involved in motivated behavior. Maintins the body's internal equilibrium |
| Homeostasis | the body's internal equilibrium |
| Corpus Callosum | mass of nerve fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres in the cerebral cortex. |
| Central Sulcus and Lateral Fissure | a groove that divides each cerebral hemisphere vertically, fissure divides it horizontally. Help define four areas in each hemisphere |
| Frontal Lobe | involved in motor control and cognitive activities, such as planning, making decisions and setting goals. Above the lateral fissure and in front of the central sulcus. |
| Parietal Lobe | responsible for sensation of touch, pain and temperature. located directly behind the central sulcus |
| Occipital Lobe | final destination for visual information, located at the back of the head. |
| Temporal Lobe | responsible for the processes of hearing, found below the lateral fissure, on the sides of each cerebral hemisphere. |
| Motor Cortex | responsible for the body's voluntary muscles, located just in front of the central sulcus in the frontal lobes. *Remember brain controls opposite side, including top and bottom, of the body* |
| SOmatosensory Cortex | processes information about temperature, touch, body position and pain. located just behind the central sulcus in the left and right parietal lobes. Mostly devoted to lips, tounge, thumb and index finger. |
| Auditory Cortex | in the two temporal lobes, both hemispheres receive information from both ears. |
| Visual Cortex | located in the occipital lobes, visual inpu processed here, devoted to input from the center part of the retina, at the back of the eye, the area that transmits the most detailed visual information. |
| Association Cortex | includes processes such as planning and decision making. |
| endocrine System | supplements owrk of the nervous system, is a network of glands that manufacture and secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream |
| Hormones | influence body growth. They initiate, maintain and stop stop development of primary and secondary characteristics, influence levels of arousal and awareness, serve as the basis for mood changes and regualte metabolism. |
| Pituitary Gland | the "master gland" produces ten different kinds of hormones that influence the secretions of all the other endocrine glands, as well as a hormone that influences growth. |
| Plasticity | refers to changes in the performance of the brain, depends on life experiences |
| Neurogenesis | the production of new brain cells from naturally occurring stem cells |
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lmnhodgins
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