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McCrary Unit 4
AP Psychology 18-19 class, Social Psych unit
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social psychology | the study of how we think, influence, and relate to one another |
| attribution theory | theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either situation or disposition |
| fundamental attribution error | tendency for observers, when analyzing someone's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in certain ways to objects, people, and events |
| peripheral route persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues or events, such as a person's attractiveness |
| central route persuasion | occurs when interested people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to later comply with a larger one |
| role | a set of expectations/norms about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
| cognitive dissonance theory | theory that we act to reduce the discomfort/dissonance we feel the two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and actions conflict, we reduce dissonance by changing our attitudes |
| conformity | adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| Solomon Asch | man who ran a conformity experiment in the 1950s about line length |
| Asch's conformity study | experiment with five participants that examines whether participants conform and "call white black" through differing line lengths. 75% conformed at least once |
| normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to avoid disapproval or gain approval |
| informational social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality |
| stanley milgram | student of solomon asch who was a social psychologist and conducted the infamous obedience experiment |
| milgram's obedience experiment | one participant "teacher", the other a "learner", electric shocks increasingly administered to discover the limits to conformity and obedience, 65% went to the highest setting |
| social facilitation | improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others |
| social loafing | tendency for people to in a group exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal then when held individually accountable |
| deindividuation | the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that fosters arousal/anonymity |
| group polarization | enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| groupthink | mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision making in a group overrides a realistic appraisal or alterations |
| culture | the enduring values, behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group that are transmitted from one generation to the next |
| norm | an understood rule for accepted behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally implies stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings. and a predisposition for discriminatory action |
| stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate, often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
| discrimination | an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
| just-world-phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore deserve what they get and get what they deserve |
| ingroup | "us", people with whom we share a common identity |
| outgroup | "them", those perceived as different or apart from the ingroup |
| scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| other-race-effect | the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races(also called cross-race effect, own-race bias) |
| aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
| frustration-aggression principle | the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which generates aggression |
| social script | culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations |
| mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking of them |
| passionate love | an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
| companionate love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
| equtiy | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
| self-disclosure | revealing intimate aspects of ourself to others |
| altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if another bystander is present |
| social exchange theory | theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who help them |
| social responsibility | an expectation that people will help those needing their help |
| conflict | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
| social trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
| mirror-image perceptions | mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and the other as evil and aggressive |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
| superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences, unite people, and require their cooperation |
| GRIT | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction: a strategy to decrease international tensions |
| in-group bias | the tendency to favor our own group |
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