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Fallacies Mgt350
study material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deductive thinking | is the kind of reasoning that begins with two or more premisesand derives a conclusion that must follow from those premises, a conclusionthat is in fact contained or hidden in those very premises. |
| categorical syllogism | MAJOR PREMISE—All human beings are mortal.MINOR PREMISE—Ann is a human being.CONCLUSION—Therefore, Ann is mortal. |
| existential fallacy | when a particular conclusion is drawn fromtwo universal premises. |
| hypothetical syllogisms | “if-then” form. |
| Denial-Affirmation | “either/or”statements |
| The Fallacy of Division | attempt to argue that what is true of the whole is true of its parts |
| Circular Reasoning (begging the question) | a conclusionthat a person is arguing for is already assumed to be true in one of theargument’s premises. |
| The Either/Or Fallacy (all-or-nothing, black/white, false delima) | )= not acknowledging that (1) both alternatives could betrue, (2) gray areas exist between the two alternatives, or (3) other possibilitiesexist |
| Inductive reasoning | set of evidence or observationsabout some members of a class, or about some events-From this evidence or observationwe draw a conclusion about other members of the class, or other events |
| Analogical argument | form of inductive reasoning that rests on the similaritiesbetween two things. |
| Hasty Generalization | a conclusion is drawn from a sample thatis too small or selective to assume with any confidence that it represents the subjectaccurately. |
| reasonable generalization | has alarge enough sample to warrant an inference |
| composition fallacy | assumes that what is trueof the whole’s parts is true of the whole. |
| post hoc ergo propter hoc(“after this, therefore, because of this”) | if an event follows X, it is thereforecaused by X. |
| extravagant hypothesis fallacy | the formulation of a complex or unlikely explanation for an event when a simplerexplanation would do |
| false analogy (weak analogy) | similarities betweentwo things being compared are not substantial enough to assume that anothercharacteristic of one of them probably applies to the other. |
| Slippery Slope | once a person initiates an action, there is no stopping it untilit hits bottom. |
| geneticfallacy | mistaken belief that the origin of an idea has some bearing on thetruth or falsity of it |
| appeal to authority. | People use it whenever theyjustify their values and ideas by appealing to an authoritative source |
| Appeal to tradition | attempt to justify a practice or policy because ithas “always” been that way. |
| is/ought fallacy | argue that because something is the case, it therefore ought to be thecase. |
| bandwagon appeal | appeal topopularity. |
| appeal to ignorance | states a position to be true, or at least well-supported, by appealing tothe fact that there is no evidence to “prove” the position false |
Created by:
ladylamberth1
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