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McCrary Unit 3
Meyers textbook AP Psych Unit 3, research, 18-19 class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather, it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| independent variable | the experimental factor that is being manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
| median | the middle score in a distribution |
| theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
| correlation | a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other |
| confounding variable | a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment |
| skewed distribution | a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| correlation coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0) |
| dependent variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| operational defInition | a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study; a definition of a word or phrase so that an experiment can be easily repeated |
| random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing differences between the different groups |
| validity | the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do |
| standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around a mean score |
| replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
| double blind procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant/blind about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo. commonly used in drug evaluation studies |
| descriptive methods | focuses on observing and recording behavior |
| normal curve | a symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes |
| placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect of behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumed is an active agent |
| correlation method | used to detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another |
| z score | the number of standard deviations an element is from the meab |
| naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| experimental method | to explore cause and effect |
| inferential statistics | numerical data that allows one to generalize- to infer from the sample data the probability of something being true of a population |
| descriptive statistics | numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation |
| statistical significance | used to describe large differences between averaged groups or pieces of data |
| histogram | a bar graph describing frequency distribution |
| scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between two variables, the amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlations |
| illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists |
| experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (IV) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process(DV). by random assignment of participants, the experiments aims to control other relevant variables |
| experimental group | in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
| control group | in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment, contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of a treatment |
| survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
| framing | the way an issue is posed (the way a question is worded. same thing as the wording effect) |
| culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes. values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| sampling bias | a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample where members of a population are less likely to be included |
| mode | a mode frequently occurring score in a distribution |
| informed consent | an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (i knew it all along) |
| population | all those in a group being studies, from which samples may may be drawn |
| mean | the arithmetic average of a distribution |
| debriefing | the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants |
| range | the difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution |
| case study | a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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abyrd6067
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