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MCPHS - BioChem Ex3b
MCPHS - BioChem I Ch. 8 Exam #3 P1
| BioChem Ch 8 Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some of the roles of Nucleotides? | Metabolic Intermediates (ATP, GTP...), Chemical Messengers, Cofactors, Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids |
| What are Nucleic Acids Used for? | Genetic Information and Structural Roles (RNA) |
| Types of Nucleic Acids? | DNA, RNA, rRNA, tRNA,mRNA |
| When -OH is missing from the #2 Carbon on pentose what is it called | "Deoxy-" (DeoxyRibose, or DNA...) |
| Nucleotide that is missing Phosphate is Call? | Nucleside |
| What are the two types of nitrogenous bases on a nucleotide? | Pyrimidines and Purines |
| How many rings in a pyrimidine? | One ring in a Pyrimidine |
| How many rings in a Purine? | Two rings in a Purine |
| Which Nucleotides bases are found in DNA? | A,T & G,C |
| Which Nucleotides bases are found in RNA? | A,U & G,C |
| What is the structure of a pentose that is part of a nucleotides? | Beta-Furanose |
| Name the 3 types of Pyrimidines? | Cytosine, Tymine, Uracil |
| Name the Two types of Purine? | Adenine & Guanine |
| The Phosporal group is attached to which carbon on a d-Ribose Base? | Phosphate is attached to the 5' Carbon |
| How many H-bonds between G&C? | 3 H-bonds b/t G-C |
| How many H-bonds b/t A&T or A&U? | 2 H-bonds b/t A-T or A-U |
| Name an important nucleoside (minor base)? | 5-MethyCytidine or N6-MethylAdenosine |
| If the Phosphate is attached to both 2' & 3' carbon of AMP what is it's name? | cAMP .... Standard AMP is normally attached to the 5' Carbon, but in this case it is not, and it is linked to both carbons on the bottom of the ribose. |
| What is the Back-Bone of DNA or RNA made of? | It is made by Phosphodiester linkages between the sugar bases and the Phosphate groups that alternate |
| What direction does DNA go in? | From 5' end to 3' (Phosphate on the 5' side and -OH on the 3' end) |
| Is the back-bone of DNA and/or RNA Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic? | The back-bone is hydrophillic b/c there are charged groups attached (-OH & -PO3) |
| What happens if you have excess -OH in water with RNA? | the -OH in water will pull a hydrogen from the -OH that is attached to the RNA breaking the RNA |
| Why is DNA stable? | No -OH attached to the Ribose base (deoxyribose) Other free -OH's in solution can not attack and break it. |
| Which is more stable RNA or DNA? | DNA is more stable |
| Light Absorbance of Nucleic Acids occurs at which Wave Length? | 260 nano-meters |
| Are the bases hydrophobic or hydrophilic near pH 7 | Nitrogenous bases are Hydrophobic at/near pH 7 |
| What forces can be attributed to Nucleic Acids? | They are flat, so they "Base-Stack" and there are weak interactions b/t them. They also have "Base-Pairing", so there is Head-to-Head "Hydrogen-Bonding" |
| The Watson-Crick strands are considered ? | Anti-Parallel |
| Chargaff's Rule ? | A + G = T + C |
| Primary Secondary, & Tertiary Structures are What? | Primary = Sequence, .... Secondary = Local pairing Interactions & Patterns, .... Tertiary = 3-D Folding or Helix... |
| What are the 3 Types of Helixes? | A form, B form, Z form Helixes |
| Name three types of 2nd Structure: | Bulges, Internal Loops, and Hairpins |
| Which form of DNA is most Common? | B-Form (Mid-Size Width and Length) |
| Which is Wider Z or A Form ? | A-Form Helixes are the widest and shortest forms (Norm for RNA Only) |
| Is Z-Form found in Nature? | Yes, suggested/suspected to exsist as regulatory mechanism |
| Measurements of B-Form (Watson-Crick) DNA: | 3.4 A rise per base, ... 10.5 A Bases/Turn, ... Length of Turn = 36 A |
| Does A-form DNA exist in Nature? | No, not normally |
| A, B, & Z forms turn which way? | A & B are Right Handed, while Z is Left Handed |
| DNA Palindromes are turned which way? | Flipped and Rotated about the middle |
| Mirror Repeats are turned which way? | Rotated around the middle only |
| A doube stranded palindrome forms which type of structure? | "Cruciform" |
| A single stranded paindrome forms which type of structure? | "Hairpin" |
| A "Triplex" DNA structure is also known as? | Hoogsteen Positions caused by Hoogsteen Pairing (Like Watson-Crick, but Single strand doubles back on double forming bend and bulge) |
| What is monocistonic RNA code? | Monocistonic refers to the section of RNA that codes for protein. It is considered the gene portion of the RNA. Only moncistonic RNA sections are found in Eukaryotes, but both Mono- & Polycistonic sections can be found in prokaryotes. |
| What is Polycistonic? | Multiple repeats of the same, or different, gene codes on the same RNA in different areas. Both mono & polycistonic code is found in Prokaryotes. |
| Can RNA from base pairs? | Yes, with it's self, other RNA, and/or DNA |
| What does mRNA do? | Carries genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes. It provides the template. The coding of mRNA from DNA is known as Transcription. |
| What does rRNA do? | Found on ribosomes and can be enzymatic |
| Is RNA B-Form found in Nature? | RNA B-Form is never Observed |
| RNA Z-Form found? | Only in the Lab |
| What is the Typical RNA Form? | RNA is Typically A-Form |
| What happens when pH or Heat is raised beyond Optimal for Nucleic Acids? | They are Denatured |
| If Denaturation is not to severe what happens if you return Heat or pH back to normal? | Annealing occurs when strands renaturize |
| How is denaturation measured in Lab? | Use of 260 nm light. Absorption varies as a function of base stacking and pairing. |
| What is the effect called when DNA denatures? | Hyperchromic Effect (An Increase in UV absorption) |
| What does 50% UV absorption tell you about DNA? | "Melting Point" 50% denatured & annealing can still occur |
| What happens when you mix two complementary strands of DNA or RNA from two different Species? | Hybridization occurs more b/t closely related species than distantly related species |
| Forensic DNA Hybridization is called? | DNA Fingerprinting |
| The Loss of Nitrogen from Amine base is called? | Deamination......... -NH2 is replaced by -C=O |
| What does Deamination of Cytosine yeild? | Uracil |
| Why is Thymine so important to DNA? | It is more stable than Uracil |
| What are the three ways Amine bases are removed? | Exocyclic Amine deamination, .... Breaking of sugar-base (depurination),... UV irradiation (Dimer Formation = Kink in DNA) |
| Purine deamination occurs how often? | 1:10x5 |
| UV light on skin causes which kind of dimer formation? | Thymine-Thymine |
| List 3 Chemical transformations of NA? | Deamination (N in foods or Bisulfites), ... Alkylating Agents (disrupts Base-Pairing... dimethylsulfate),... Oxidizing Agents |
| Two ways to Determin DNA Sequence? | 1) Maxam-Gilbert (degradative) 2.) Sanger (Synthetic) |
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