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MCPHS - BioChem Ex 3
MCPHS - BioChem I Ch. 7 Exam #3 P1
| BioChem Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fructose | Fru |
| Galactose | Gal |
| Mannose | Man |
| Ribose | Rib |
| Glucose | Glc |
| Maltose | (Glc-Glc) Reducing |
| Lactose | (Gal-Glc) Reducing |
| Sucrose | (Fru-Glc) non-reducing |
| Trehalose | (Glc-Glc) non-reducing |
| Maltose | Glc(alfa1--4)Glc |
| Lactose | Gal(beta1--4)Glc |
| Sucrose | Fru(beta2--1alfa)Glc or Glc(alfa1--2beta)Fru |
| Trehalose | Glc(alfa1--1alfa)Glc |
| How do Chira Centers determine the number of Stereoisomers a carbohydrate can form? | 2^n (n = # Chiral Centers) |
| Which (3 Carbon Monosaccharide) "triose" is the "reference" molecule to determine D/L? How? | Glyceraldehyde, By noting that the -OH on the carbon next to the last -CH2OH is on the right and this is furthest from the first carbon when numbering. The first carbon group is the aldehyde group containing -COH. |
| If there is no -COH (aldehyde group) in first position what type of carbohydrate is it? | Ketose (You have =O some place in the middle) |
| Which Monosaccharide does not have a Chiral Center? | Dihydroxyacetone, a symetric ketone with =O in the middle and -CH2OH on both ends |
| Two sugars that differ in the Configuration around ONLY One CARBON atom are called (Can be on different carbons, but can not differ by more than one)? What do you call it? | "EPIMERS" Example: D-Glc and D-Man |
| D-Glc and D-Gal have what relationship to one another? | They are also Epimers that differing at one carbon. They are also found in Lactose (Gal-Glc). |
| Epimers of D-Glc? | Allose, Mannose, & Galactose |
| Respectively, what are 6-Membered Rings and 5-Membered Rings Called? | Pyranoses & Furanoses |
| N-acetylglucosamine is found in which place in nature? | The Bacerial Cell Wall, It is a Hexose with -NH-C2H2OH in places of an -OH |
| Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined covalently by what type of bonds? | O-glycosidic bonds |
| The end of a polysaccharide that is a free anomeric carbon is called? | "Reducing End" |
| Polysaccharides are sugars containing more than how many monosaccharide units? | Greater Than 20 (100's to 1,000's) |
| Oligosaccharides consist of how many "residues" (AKA Monosaccharide Units)? | 3 or More, but are usually bond to non-sugar molecules of Lipids or Proteins in Glycoconjugates. |
| What is the difference between D-Ribulose and D-Ribose? | Ribulose is a five carbon Ketone, while Ribose is a five Carbon Aldose. |
| How many Stereoisomers does D-Glyceraldehyde have? Hint: it is an Aldose with 3 Carbons | Only One Chiral Charbon, so 2^1 = 2 .... It has 2 Stereisomers. |
| What is an Anomeric Pair? | Alfa and Beta arrangement of the reducing ends, and when rotation occurs with the -OH & -H about the 1st Carbon it is known as "Mutarotation" |
| Starch contains which two types of glucose polymers? | Amylose & Amylopectin |
| What is Glycogen usd for and where is it found? | Storage and is found in Humans |
| Glycogen is a polymer of which type of Monosaccharide? | Glycogen is a poymer of (alfa1--4) linked subunits of Glucose, with (alfa1--6) linked branches |
| Glycogen is more/less compact than starch? | It is More Compact and highly branching. |
| Where are Dextrans found? | In Bacteria and Yeast Polysaccharides (Dental Plaque & Size Exclusion Chromatography) |
| Cellulose is a what? | Homopholysaccharide |
| What is Cellulose made of? | Beta-Configurations of D-Glc (10-15,000 units long) |
| What configuration is Amylose, Amylopectin, & Glycogen? | Glycogen has (Alfa1--4) glycosidic bonds, while Cellulose has (Beta1--4) bonds |
| The name of the enzyme that breaks down Glycogen and Starch in animals? | Alfa-amylase, which is found in Saliva and Intestina secretions break the alfa glycosidic bonds in Glycogen and Starch |
| Why don't most animals break down Cellulose? | Because they don't have enzymes to hydrolyze the (Beta1--4) bonds in Cellulose (Termites have the enzyme to hydrolyze the Beta-bonds) |
| What makes Cellulose strong? | The hydrogen-bonds and rigid chair structure Glucose residues with H-bonds between stacks of cellulose chains |
| Name a Heteropolysaccharides? | Peptidoglycans |
| Why not store glucose monomers? | Concentration Gradient would be too high, also Therodynamics Delta G would be too high, so it is not favored. Glycogen is large and insoluble and therefore does not contribute to Osmotic Pressure. If you store the same amt of monosaccharides = Lysis! |
| Which Starch Polysaccharide is Unbranched? | Amylose is Unbranched ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... Amylopectin is Branched every 24 to 30 residue units |
| Why Branching? | Each Branch Ends in Non-Reducing Sugar. Degradative Enzymes degrade polymers into monomers. They act only on non-reducing ends. Branching increases the rate of degradation. |
| What is a structual Homopolysaccharide? | Cellulose (plant walls) UnBranched Long Beta-Glc. Straight Chains of strong fibers, while starch is tighly coiled helix.... |
| Why is Starch Coiled? | Alpha Links allow for some rotation that is unhindered |
| What is Chitin? | Structual Homopolysaccharide that's Straight-Chain (Unbranched) like cellulose. The monomer is N-acetylglucosamine 2nd most abundant polysaccharide. It is a principle component of exoskeletons for insects, lobsters, and some fungi |
| What is a Peptidoglycan? | Structual Heteropolymer, rigid cell walls of Bacteria. Hydrolyzed by Tears and Pen V prevents Synth of Cross-links b/w peptide polysaccharides |
| Glycosaminoglycans are what type of structural polymers? | Heteropolymers. Components of gel-like extracellular matrix. |
| Name three Glycosaminoglycans? | Hyaluronate (Sinovial Fluid/Lubricates/Vit Humor), .... Chondroitin (Strength of Cartilage), .... Keratan (Cornea, Cartilage, bone) |
| What are Proteoglycans? | Glycoconjugates found on cell surface or ECM. Covalently bound the glycosaminoglycans attached are site of biologically activity |
| Glycoproteins serve what function? | Information Carriers --- very small diverse Carbohydrate-Proteins (Oligosaccharide conjugates). Found on cell surfaces or exsecreted into the ECM. Example: IgG |
| Glycolipids are oligosaccharides found on what surfaces? | Glycolipids are found on Plasma Membranes (Blood A, B, O...) |
| Lipopolysaccharides are found on what surface? | Gram-Neg Bacteria such as E. Coli or Salmonella. They are a prime target for Anti-bodies |
| Lectins are proteins that specifically do what with carbohydrates? | Lectins are proteins that specifically & strongly bind to carbohydrates and are found in all organisms. Also, Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion found on cell surface. They have a P-selectin area that extends to bind lymphocyte on another cell surface |
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