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Chapter 15
Veterinary Terminology Hematologic/Lymphatic and Immune Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| blood | supplies body tissues with oxygen, nutrients (such as vitamins, minerals, glucose, and amino acids) |
| hem/o, hemat/o | combining form for blood |
| hermatology | the study of blood |
| hematopoiesis | is the medical term for formation of blood |
| -poiesis | means formation |
| drawing blood | is a common term for collecting a blood sample |
| anticoagulant | is a substance that prevents blood from clotting |
| EDTA/heparin | are types of anticoagulants found in blood tubes and are used clinically as drugs. |
| coagulation | is the process of clotting |
| buffy coat | the layer that appears at the interface of the erythrocytes and plasma after blood has been centrifuged |
| serum | is the liquid portion of blood with clotting proteins removed |
| plasma | is the straw-colored fluid portion of blood that transports nutrients, hormones, an waste products |
| colloid | a liquid that contains suspended particles (in the case of plasma, most of the suspended particles are clotting proteins) |
| fibrinogen/prothrombin | clotting proteins found in plasma |
| fibrin/o | means fibrin or threads of a clot |
| pro- | prefix mean before |
| thromb/o | combining form means clot |
| albumin | another example of a plasma protein |
| cholesterol/triglyceride | are types of lipids that circulate in the blood |
| erythrocyte | is a mature red blood cell (oxygen- carrying cell) abbr. RBC |
| erythr/o | means red |
| -cyte | suffix means cel |
| hemoglobin | a blood protein that transports oxygen |
| heme | is the nonprotein, iron-containing portion of hemoglobin |
| central pallor | central pale area of an RBC that represents the thinnest part of the biconcave disc |
| myel/o | combining form for bone marrow/spinal cord |
| reticulocyte | is an immature, non -nucleated erythrocyte characterized by polychromasia (Wrights stain) or a mesh like pattern or threads (new methylene blue stain) |
| reticulocytosis | is seen with regenerative anemia because bone marrow is responding to blood loss |
| macrophage | is a large cell that destroys by eating (engulfing) |
| macr/o | means large |
| -phage | suffix means eating |
| phagocyte | is" a cell that eats" |
| hematology | is the study of blood |
| morphology | study of form or shape |
| leukocyte | is a white blood cell abbr WBC |
| leuk/o | means white |
| leukocytopoiesis | is the production of white blood cells |
| leucopoiesis | production of leukocytes |
| granulocyte | is a cell that contains prominent grain like structures in its cytoplasm |
| agranulocyte | is a cell that does not contain prominent grain like structures in its cytoplasm |
| basophilic | means stained readily with basic, or blue, dyes in many commonly used stains such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Giemsa, and Wrights |
| eosinophilic | means stained readily with acidic, or pink, dyes in many commonly used stains as H&E, Giemsa, and Wright's |
| normocytic | normal cell size |
| macrocytic | larger-than-normal cell size |
| microcytic | smaller-than-normal cell size |
| poikilocytosis | condition of irregular cells; clinically means varied shapes or erythrocytes |
| poikilo | means irregular |
| anisocytosis | condition of unequal cell size; excessive variation in RBC size |
| normochromic | normal RBC color (has area of central pallor of normal size) |
| hypochromic | less-than-normal color (has enlarged area of central pallor) |
| hyperchromic | more-than-normal color ( term is not commonly used) |
| polychromasia | condition of many colors that appears as an overall blue tint of wright-stained RBC's due to shrinking of the cell membrane; indicates slight immaturity of the erythrocyte |
| rouleaux | RBC that are arranged like stacks of coins on the peripheral blood smear; may be artifact or may be normal in species such as cats and horses |
| agglutination | clumping of RBC's due to the presence of an antibody directed against RBC surface antigens that forms a latticework that links them together |
| lymphocyte | class of "agranulocytic"leukocyte that contains a diverse set of cells including those that can directly attack specific pathogens or produce antibodies |
| monocyte | class of "agranulocytic" leukocyte that has a phagocytic function and participates in the inflammatory response |
| neutrophil | class of granulocytic leukocyte that has phagocytic function (mainly against bacteria) |
| segmented neutrophil or polymorphonuclear leukocyte | a mature neutrophil |
| polymorphonuclear | means multi shaped nucleus |
| band cell or banded neutrophil | is a immature PMN (polymorphonuclear) |
| heterophils | which are neutrophils that found in rabbits, birds, amphibians, and reptiles and are large and stain a deep orange or red |
| eosinophil | class of granulocytic leukocyte that detoxifies allergens and controls parasitic infections by damaging parasite membranes |
| basophil | class of granulocytic leukocyte that promotes the inflammatory response and contains histamine in its cytoplasmic granules |
| thrombocyte | is a nucleated clotting cell |
| platelet | is an anucleated clotting cell |
| megakaryocyte | is a large, nucleated cell found in the bone marrow from which platelets are formed |
| blood smear | blood specimen for microscopic examination in which blood is spread thinly across a microscope slide and typically stained. |
| bone marrow biopsy | sample of bone marrow obtained by needle aspiration for examination of cells |
| ultrasound | diagnostic procedure to image the structures of blood vessels (diagnostic ultrasound) and flow of blood through these vessels |
| anemia | blood condition of less-than-normal levels of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin |
| basopenia | deficiency in the number of basophils in the blood |
| -penia | is a suffix that indicates a decrease in a particular type of cell |
| basophilia | elevation in the number of basophils in the blood |
| -philia | is the suffix that indicates an increase in a particular type of cell |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation | disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become abnormally active, producing clots that obstruct the blood vessels, cut off blood supply to various organs, and in time alter the functioning of these organs. |
| dyscrasia | any abnormal condition of the blood |
| edema | accumulation of fluid in the intercellular space |
| edemateous | is the adjective form of edema |
| eosinopenia | deficiency in the number of eosinophils in the blood |
| eosinophilia | elevation in the number of eosinophils in the blood |
| erythrocytosis | abnormal increase in red blood cells |
| -cytosis | means condition of cell but implies elevated cell numbers |
| exudate | material that has escaped from blood vessels and is high in protein,cells, or solid materials derived from cells |
| hemolytic | removing and destroying red blood cells |
| hemolytic anemia | is excessive RBC destruction; resulting in lower-than-normal levels of RBC |
| hemolytic serum | contains red blood cell components that are released when erythrocytes are damaged due to a variety of causes (such as improper specimen processing, collection, or transport) and appears pink or blood-tinged |
| hemolysis | is the breaking down of red blood cells |
| lysis | is the medical term for destruction or breakdown |
| lipemic | serum contains an excessive amount of fat and appears white |
| hemolytic | serum contains red blood cell components that are released when erythrocytes are damaged due to a variety of causes and appears pink or blood tinged |
| icteric | serum is yellow tinged due to increased bilirubin levels |
| normal | serum is clear |
| hemophilia | hereditary condition of deficient blood coagulation |
| hemorrhage | loss of blood (usually in short period of time) |
| hemostasis | is the act of controlling blood or bleeding |
| hemostat | is an instrument used to control bleeding |
| hyperalbuminemia | blood condition of abnormally high albumin levels |
| hyperemia | excess blood in a part; engorgement |
| hyperlipidemia | blood condition of abnormally high fat levels caused by fat metabolism |
| lip/o | combining form for fat |
| left shift | common term for an alteration in the distribution of leukocytes in which there are increases in banded neutrophils usually in response to sever bacterial infection. |
| leukemia | elevation in the number of malignant white blood cells; animals with leukemia have extremely elevated total leukocyte counts |
| leukocytosis | elevation in the number of white blood cells |
| leukopenia/leukocytopenia | deficiency of white blood cells |
| lipemia | excessive amount of fats in the blood |
| lipemia serum | fats from blood that have settled in the serum |
| lymphocytosis | elevated numbers of lymphocytes in the blood |
| lymphopenia | deficiency of lymphocytes in the blood |
| modified transudate | material that has cell numbers and distribution similar to transudates but the protein concentration is greater than 2.5 g/dL resulting from leakage of high protein; modified transudates are common in right sided heart failure |
| transudate | material that has passed through a membrane and is high in fluidity and low in protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells; transudates are observed with sever hepatic disease, protein losing enteropathy, or protein losing nephropathy |
| thrombocytosis | elevation in number of clotting cells |
| thrombocytopenia | abnormal decrease in the number of clotting cells |
| -penia | less than normal or deficiency |
| septicemia | blood condition in which pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria) and their toxins are present |
| -emia | suffix means blood condition |
| pathogenic | means producing disease |
| bacteremia | is the blood condition in which bacteria are present |
| polycythemia | condition of many cells; clinically means excessive erythrocytes |
| phagocytosis | condition of engulfing or eating cells |
| pancytopenia | deficiency of all types of blood cells |
| neutrophilia | elevation in the number of neutrophils in the blood |
| neutropenia | deficiency in the number of neutrophils in the blood |
| myelodysplasia | hematologic disorder characterized clinically and morphologically by ineffective hematopoiesis that results in some form of cytopenia such as anemia, neutropenia, and/or thrombocytopenia |
| monocytosis | elevated numbers of monocytes in the blood |
| monocytopenia | deficiency of monocytes in the blood |
| lymph/o | means lymph fluid, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes |
| lymphoid | pertains to lymph or tissue of the lymphatic system |
| interstitial fluid | is the clear, colorless tissue fluid that leaves the capillaries and flows in the spaces between the cells of a tissue or an organ |
| lymph | is formed when interstitial fluid moves into the capillaries of the lymphatic system |
| lymph capillaries | lymph is carried from the tissue space via thin-walled tubes called |
| lymphatic vessels | are similar to veins in that they have valves to prevent the back flow of lymph |
| cisterna chyli | is the origin of the thoracic duct and saclike structure for the lymph collection |
| lacteals | locate in the small intestine, are specialized lymph vessels that transport fats and fat-soluble vitamins |
| lymph nodes | are small bean shaped structures that filter lymph and store B and T lymphocytes |
| para- | means near |
| otos | is greek for ear |
| tonsils | are masses of lymphatic tissue that protect the nose and cranial (upper) throat |
| tonsill/o | combining form for tonsil |
| spleen | is an organ located in the cranial abdomen that filters foreign material from the blood, stores erythrocytes, removes damaged or old erythrocytes, and maintains an appropriate balance of cells and plasma in the blood |
| splen/o | means spleen |
| thymus | is a gland that has an immunologic function and is found predominantly in young animals |
| thym/o | combining form for thymus |
| immunity | means exemption |
| immun/o | means protected |
| immunology | is the study of the immune system |
| lymphocyte | is a type of white blood cells that is involved in the immune response and works against specific antigens |
| antigen | is a substance that the body regards as foreign |
| antibody | is a disease-fighting protein produced by the body in response to the presence of a specific antigen. |
| B lymphocytes | are produced and mature in the bone marrow and are responsible for antibody-mediated or humoral immunity. |
| plasma cell | is an immune cell that produces and secretes a specific antibody for a specific antigen |
| plasmocytes | plasma cells are called |
| immunoglobulins | the antibodies made by plasma cells are called |
| T lymphocytes | are small, circulating lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow |
| T cells | these cells mature in the thymus |
| IgA | found in the mucous membrane lining of intestines and bronchi, and secretions such as saliva, sweat, and tears |
| IgD | found in large amounts on the surface of B cells |
| IgE | found bound to mast cells in lungs, skin, and cells of mucous membranes |
| IgG | found in blood stream, interstitial fluid (tissue) and lymph (lymph vessels) |
| IgM | found in circulating fluids (due to its size it can not leave the blood stream) |
| T cells | are responsible for cell-mediated immunity |
| helper T cells | secrete substances such as cytokines that stimulate the production of B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells. |
| cytotoxic T cells | destroy intracellular pathogens |
| suppressor T cells | stop B and T lymphocyte activity when this activity is no longer needed |
| memory T cells | remember a specific antigen and stimulate a faster and more intense response when the same antigen is presented to the body |
| monocytes | are another type of leukocyte formed in the bone marrow and transported to other parts of the body |
| histiocytes | are large macrophages found in loose connective tissues |
| intact | means having no cuts, scrapes, openings, or alterations |
| mut/a | means genetic change |
| complement | is a series of enzymatic proteins that are continually present in normal plasma |
| immunity | is the state of being resistant to a specific disease |
| naturally acquired passive immunity | resistance to a specific infection by the passing of protection from mother to offspring before birth or through colostrum |
| naturally acquired active immunity | resistance to a specific infection after the development of antibodies during the actual disease |
| artificially acquired passive immunity | resistance to a specific infection by receiving antiserum-containing antibodies from another host |
| artificially acquired active immunity | resistance to a specific infection through vaccination |
| allergy | overreaction by the body to a particular antigen or called hypersensitivity |
| allergen | is a substance capable of inducing an allergic reaction |
| autoimmune disease | disorder in which the body makes antibodies directed against itself |
| immunosuppression | reduction or decrease in the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens |
| immunosuppressant | is a chemical that prevents or reduces the body's normal reaction to a disease |
| lymphadenitis | inflammation of the lymph nodes also called swollen glands |
| lymphadenopathy | disease of the lymph nodes |
| lymphangioma | abnormally collection of lymphatic vessels forming a mass (usually benign) |
| splenomegaly | enlargement of the speed |
| tonsillitis | inflammation of the tonsils |
| vaccine | preparation of pathogen(live, weakened or killed) or a portion of pathogen that is administered to stimulate a protective immune response against the pathogen |
| vaccination | administration of antigen (vaccine) to stimulate a protective immune response against a specific infectious agent |
| titer | quality of a substance required to react with a given amount of another substance |
| antibody titer | measures the concentration of antibodies circulating in the blood stream of an animal |
| resistant | not susceptible |
| opportunistic | able to cause disease (due to debilitation or alteration of the animal) when disease normally would not be produced |
| multiplication | reproduction |
| inhibit | to slow or stop |
| innate immunity | immunity determined by the genetic makeup of an individual |
| heredity | genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring |
| herd immunity | resistance of a group (herd) to a microbe/infection because a large proportion of the group's member are immune |
| splenectomy | surgical removal of the spleen |
| thymectomy | surgical removal of the thymus |
| tonsillectomy | surgical removal of the tonsils |
| oncology | is the study, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors |
| tumor | does not mean cancerous |
| neoplasm | is any abnormal new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive. |
| apoptosis | the death of normal cells in a normal time cycle |
| pedunculated | means having a peduncle or stalk |
| anaplastic | reverting to a more immature form |
| carcinoma in situ | contained at a site (not spreading) |
| diffuse | evenly spreading |
| dysplastic | abnormal cell development |
| follicular | containing glandular sacs |
| hyperchromatic | intensely colored |
| hyperplastic | excessive cell numbers |
| hypoplastic | deficient cell numbers |
| nodular | tight cell clusters |
| pleomorphic | having many cell types |
| undifferentiated | lacking a defined cell structure |
| cystic | fluid filled |
| inflammatory | appearing red and swollen |
| medullary | large and fleshy |
| necrotic | containing dead tissue |
| ulcerating | having depressed, open areas |
| verrucous | having warlike growth |
| malignant | cancerous |
| benign | nonmalignant tumors |
| well-circumscribed | means the mass has well-defined borders |
| encapsulated | means the tumor is retained within a border of connective tissue |
| invasive | means that the mass does not have well-defined borders and is spreading |
| metastasis | is a pathogenic growth distant from the primary disease site; means beyond control |
| metastases | plural form of metastasis |
| metastasize | is used to describe invasion by the pathogenic growth to a point distant from the primary disease site. |
| carcinoma | is a malignant growth of epithelial cells |
| sarcoma | is a malignant neoplasm arising from any type of connective tissue |
| carcin/o | means cancer |
| sarc/o | means flesh |
| carcinogen | isa substance that produces cancer |
| -gen | suffix means producing |
| brush biopsies | is the passing of a catheter with bristles on it into an organ to remove cells for examination |
| needle biopsy | is any biopsy in which cells are aspirated through a needle; known as an FNA |
| exfoliative biopsy | is a biopsy in which cells are scraped off the skin for evaluation |
| histophathology | the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues |
| chemotherapy | treatment of neoplasm through the use of chemicals |
| fulguration | destruction of tissue by high-frequency electrical current |
| lymphadenectomy | surgical removal of lymph node. The name for removal of any tissue that may have a mass or tumor can be derived by adding the combining form for there being removed |
| protocol | course of treatment |
| radiation therapy | treatment of neoplasm through the use of X-rays; abbreviated RT. Cells that are treated with high dose radiation are irradiated. |
| rads | how radiation is measured |
| radiosensitive | tumor absorbs radiation and responds by drying or shrinking |
| radioresistant | tumor is minimally affected by radiation |
| leukotrichia | whitening of the hair |
| surgical excision | removal of the entire mass in addition to some normal tissue to ensure that the entire mass is removed |
| melanoma | neoplasm composed of melanin-pigmented cells |
| myeloma | malignant neoplasm composed of muscle |
| myxoma | tumor of connective tissue |
| neubroblastoma | malignant neoplasm of nervous tissue origin |
| osteosaracoma | malignant neoplasm composed of bone |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of striated muscle |
| squamous cell carcinoma | malignant tumor developed from squamous epithelial tissue |
| leiomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of smooth muscle |
| lymphoma/lymphosarcoma | general term for neoplasm composed of lymphoid tissue (usually malignant) |
| mast cell tumor | malignant growth of tissue mast cells (cells that release histamine) |
| touch preps | collections of cells on a glass slide pressed against a part of the mass |
| ultrasound | imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves |
| adenocarcinoma | malignant growth of epithelial glandular tissue |
| blastoma | neoplasm composed of immature undifferentiated cells |
| blast/o | means immature cells |
| hemangioma | benign neoplasm composed of newly formed blood vessels |
| hemangiosarcoma | malignant tumor of vascular tissue |
| radiographs | records of ionizing radiation used to visualize internal body structures |
Created by:
divajanse