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Sociology Exam #3
Chapters 7-11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| deviance | behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society -violation of group norms -subject to social definition within a particular society |
| stigma (Erving Goffman) | labels society uses to devalue members of a certain social group -affects those with mental illness |
| deviance and technology | innovations can redefine social interactions online communication offers a high degree |
| social control | techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior parents peer groups-informal norms or dress codes colleges-establish standards bureaucratic org- formal system of rules government |
| sanctions | penalties or rewards for conduct concerning a social norm |
| Functionalist on social control | people must respect social norms for a group or society to survive |
| conflict theorists on social control | successful functioning of society made possible by adherence to social norms benefits the powerful |
| The Milgram experiment (Stanley Milgram) | experimenter instructed people to administer painful shocks |
| conformity | going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior |
| obedience | compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure |
| informal social control | used casually to enforce norms -smiles, laughter, raised eyebrows, ridicule |
| formal social control | carried out by authorized agents -encouraging people to violate social norms |
| law | governmental social norm |
| control theory | connection to members of society leads people to systematically conform to society's norm |
| Functionalist perspective on deviance Durkheim legacy | punishments established within a culture help define acceptable behavior and contribute to stability |
| anomie (functionalist) | loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective |
| Merton's theory of Deviance (functionalist) | anomie theory of deviance contains 5 basic forms of adaptation conformity retreatism innovation ritualism rebellion |
| conformist (non-deviant) | accepts both the goals of society and the use of acceptable means |
| retreatist | withdraws from both goals of society and use of acceptable means |
| innovator | accepts goals of society but pursues them with means considered improper |
| ritualist | abandons the goals, but becomes compulsively committed to the institutional means |
| rebel | feels alienated from both the goals of society and the dominant means of achieving them |
| cultural transmission (interactionist) | people learn how to behave, whether properly or improperly |
| differential association (interactionist) | process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules |
| social disorganixation theory (interactionist) | crime and deviance caused by absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions |
| Labeling theory- William Chambliss (labeling perspective) | attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not |
| societal-reaction approach | response to an act, not the behavior determines deviance |
| social constructionist perspective | deviance a product of culture we live in |
| conflict perspective on deviance (Richard Quinney) | people with power protect their own interests |
| differential justice | difference in way social control is exercised over different groups |
| Feminist perspective on deviance | approaches deviance and crime developed with only men in mind women as victims and perpetrators |
| crime | violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalities |
| victimless crime | willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services |
| professional crime | person who pursues crime as a day to day occupation |
| organized crime | work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities |
| white collar crime | illegal acts committed in the course of business activities |
| cyber crime | illegal activity conducted through use of a computer hardware or software |
| corporate crime | any act by corporations that is punishable |
| hate crimes | offender is motivated by victim's race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation |
| transnational crime | crime that occurs across multiple national borders |
| social inequality | situation in which members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power |
| stratification | structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society |
| 4 general systems of stratification | slavery-individuals owned by other people (2000 passed act) castes-hereditary ranks usually religiously dictated (varnas) estates-or feudalism: peasants worked land leased to them social classes-social ranking |
| ascribed status | social position assigned to a person by society |
| achieved status | social position that a person attains in his or her own efforts |
| class system (Daniel Rossides) | social ranking based primarily on economic position |
| upper and lower class | upper class- 1-2% /great wealth and power lower class-20-25%/lack wealth and income |
| middle class | upper middle-10-15%/professionals lower middle-30-35%/less affkuent |
| working class | 40-45%/hold regular jobs |
| Karl Marx | stressed significance of class for society |
| capitalism (karl Marx) | economic system in which means of production held largely in private hands |
| Bourgeoisie | capitalist class, owners of means of production |
| proletarist | working class |
| class consciousness | awareness of common vested interests |
| false consciousness | attitude that doesn't accurately reflect their objective |
| class (max weber) | group of people who have similar level of wealth and income |
| status group (max weber) | people who have the same prestige or lifestyle |
| power (max weber) | ability to exercise one's will over others |
| conspicuous consumption-Thorstein Veblen (interactionist) | purchasing goods not to survive but to flaunt superior wealth and social standing |
| functionalist perspective on stratification (kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore) | social inequality necessary so people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions |
| conflict perspective on stratification (Ralf Dahrendorf) | leads to instability and social change humans tend to conflict over scarce resources |
| dominant ideology (conflict) | set of cultural beliefs and practices |
| Lenski's Viwepoint | advance tech-more production resource expands-inequality allocation of surplus-social inequality |
| objective method | assigns individuals to classes on occupation, education, income, and place of residence |
| prestige | respect and admiration an occupation holds in society |
| esteem | reputation a specific person has earned within an occupation |
| socioeconomic status | measure of social class based on income, education, and occup |
| Income and wealth | income distributed unevenly wealth more unevenly distributed than income |
| absolute poverty | min. level of subsistence that no family should live below |
| relative poverty | floating standard people at bottom of society judged as being disadvantaged |
| feminization of poverty | 1959- 26% poor were female householders 2014-54% increase in families with women as single heads of household |
| underclass | long term poor who lack training and skills |
| Gans (Herbert Gans) | poverty and the poor satisfy positive functions for many non -poor groups |
| Max Weber | saw class as closely related to people's life chances |
| life chances | people's opportunities to provide themselves with a better life |
| social mobility | movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another |
| open system | position of each individual influenced by the person's achieved status |
| closed system | allows little or no possibility of moving up |
| horizontal mobility | same range of prestige |
| vertical mobility | movement from one position to another in a different rank |
| intergenerational mobility | changes in children's position relative to their parents |
| intragenerational mobility | social position changes within a person's adult life |
| the global divide | inequality is a significant determinant of human behavior divides in global wealth emerge |
| stratification in the world system | legacy of colonialism poverty multinational corp modernization |
| colonialism | foreign power maintains political, social, economic, and cultural domination for an extended period of time |
| neocolonialism | continued dependence on more industrialized nations for managerial and technical expertise by former colonies |
| world system analysis (Immanuel Wallerstein) | interdependent global economy rests on unequal economic and political relationships core semiperiphery periphery |
| dependency theory | even though countries make economic advances, still weak |
| globalization | worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trades and exchanges |
| UN Millennium development goals | asked industrial nations to set aside 0.51% of gross national income for developing nations to target 8 areas poverty education gender equality child mortality maternal health disease the environment global partnership |
| multinational corp | commercial org headquartered in one county but doing business throughout the world |
| functionalist perspective on multinational corps | jobs and industry max advantage of technology while reducing costs make nations more interdependent |
| conflict perspective of multinational corps | climate for environment: repressive antilabor laws neg social impact on workers pool of cheap labor |
| modernization | process by which peripheral nations move from traditional to developed societies |
| modernization theory (functionalist) | modernization and development will gradually improve lives of people in developing nations |
| conflict perspective on modernization | contributes to neocolonialism |
| mobility in industrial nations | influenced by structural factors immigration continues to be significant growth in mobility does not necessarily bring growth in equality |
| gender differences in mobility | sex discrimination female infanticide women's vital role in food production deteriorates |
| corporate welfare | tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants federal bailouts given to distressed financial institutions |
| racial group | group set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance |
| ethnic groups | group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns |
| minority groups | subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their lives |
| properties of minority groups | unequal treatment distinguishing cultural characteristics involuntary membership solidarity in-group marriage |
| racial group | refers to minorities |
| social construction of race | society labels those differences people consider important, while ignoring other characteristics |
| racial formation | sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created |
| ethnicity | group set apart from others because of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns |
| prejudice | negative attitude toward an entire category of people |
| ethnocentrism | tendency to assume one's culture and way of life is superior to others |
| racism | belief that one race is supreme and others inferior |
| sterotypes | unreliable generalizations about all members of a group |
| color blind racism | use of principle of race neutrality to defend racially unequal status quo |
| discrimination | denial of opportunities and equal rights to people |
| glass ceiling | invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, and ethnicity |
| white privilege (observation by Dubois) | rights or immunities granted to people as a benefit or favor simply because they are white |
| redlining | pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods |
| institutional discrimination | denial of opp and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from normal op of society |
| affirmative action | positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opps |
| functionalist perspective on race and ethnicity Manning Nash | Moral justification for maintaining unequal society moral justification for maintaining unequal society discouraging subordinate groups from questioning their status major social change would bring greater poverty to minority |
| Arnold rose 4 dysfunctions associated with racism | society that practices discrimination fail to use resources aggravates social problems society must invest time and money racial prejudice undercuts goodwill |
| conflict perspective on race and ethnicity | exploitation theory- racism keeps minorities in low paying jobs and supplies dominant group with cheap labor |
| racial profiling (labeling perspective) | any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than behaviors |
| contact hypothesis (interactionist) | interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances |
| genocide | deliberate, systematic killing of entire people or nation |
| expulsion of people | another extreme means of acting out racial or ethnic prejudice |
| secession | failure to resolve ethnic or racial conflict results in drawing formal boundaries between groups |
| segregation | physical separation of 2 groups of people in terms of residence |
| apartheid | republic of south Africa severely restricted the movement of blacks and non-whites |
| amalgamation | happens when majority group and minority group combine to form a new group, "melting pot" |
| assimilation | process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture |
| pluralism | based on mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another's cultures |
| black power (African americans) | rejected assimilation into white middle-class society |
| Asian americans | one of the fastest growing segments of the U.S. population |
| issei | first generation of Japanese immigrants |
| latinos | largest minority in the U.S. census bureau data says that latino pop outnumbers African American pop |
| anti-semitism | anti jewish prejudice |
| symbolic ethnicity | emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage |
| refugee | people granted the right to enter the country while still residing abroad |
| asylees | foreigners who have already entered the country and seek protection from persecution |
| gender roles | expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females |
| homophobia | fear of and prejudice against homosexuality |
| gender stratification requires | individual socialization into traditional gender roles within family promotion and support of traditional gender roles by other social institutions |
| gender identity | how people see themselves, as male or female or something else |
| sexual identity | self awareness of being romantically or sexually attracted to a defined group of people |
| expressiveness (functionalist) | maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of family |
| instrumentality (functionalist) | emphasis on tasks, focus on more distant goals, and concern for external relationship between one's family and social institutions |
| engels (feminist) | women's subjugation coincided with rise of private property |
| matrix of domination | convergence of social forces that contribute to subordinate status of poor, non white women |
| interactionist on gender | study gender stratification on a micro level of everyday behavior reinforcing traditional masculine and feminine actions |
| conflict on gender | relationships between males and females are unequal reflection of subjugation of one group by another men's work valued and women is devalued |
| sexism | ideology that one sex is superior to the other |
| institutional discrimination | denial of opps and equal rights as result of normal operations of society |
| status of women worldwide | suffer from second class status women not responding passively |
| glass ceiling | invisible barrier that blocks promotion of a qualified individual because of gender, race, or ethnicity |
| glass escalator | advantage men experience in occupations dominated by women major pay gap |
| second shift (Arlie Hochschild) | work outside home followed by child care and housework |
| feminism | belief in social, economic, and political equality for women |
Created by:
vtlove116
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