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Psych Ch. 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| theory | an organized set of concepts that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena |
| determinism | the doctrine that all events are determined by specific casual factors that are potentially knowable |
| hypothesis | a tentative and testable statement about the relationship between causes and consequences |
| the scientific method | a general set of procedures that allows the unbiased and most controlled way to gather and interpret data |
| public verifiability | other reasearchers must have the oppurtunity to inspect, criticize, replicate, or disprove the data and methods |
| peer review | when a manuscript is sent to other experts to be examined and analyzed. |
| observer bias | error due to personal motives and expectations of viewer |
| standardization | a set of uniform procedures for treating each participant in a test in as similar of a way as possible |
| operational definition | a definition of a variable or condition in terms of the specific operation or procedure used to determine its presence |
| variable | a factor that varies in amount and kind |
| independant variable | the variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment |
| dependant variable | a variable that is measured to conclude the impact of the independant variable |
| experimental methods | manipulation on independant variables to determine the effect on the dependant variable |
| confounding variable | a stimulus other than the variable an experimenter explicitly introduces into a research setting that affects a participants behavior |
| expectancy effect | result that occurs when a researcher or observer subtly communicates to participants the kind of behavior he or she expects to find, thereby creating that expected reaction |
| placebo effect | a change in behavior in the absence of an experimental manipulation |
| control procedures | consistent procedure for giving instructions, scoring responses, and holding all other variables constant except those being systimatically varied |
| correlational method | research methodology that determines to what extent two variables, traits, or attributes are related |
| corelation coefficient | a statistic that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables |
| within-subjects design | a reasearch design that uses each participant as his or her own control; for example, the behavior of an experimental participant before recieving treatment might be compared to his or her behavior after recieving treatment |
| random sampling | ensures that all members of a population have an equal chance of being a part of the experiment |
| double-blind control | an experimental technique in which biased expectations of experimenters are eliminated by keeping both participants and experimental assistants unaware of which participants have recieved treatment |
| placebo control | an experimental condition in which treatment is not administered; used in cases where a placebo might occur |
| between-subjects design | a research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental conditions or control conditions |
| random assignment | a procedure where participants have equal chance to be assigned to any experimental condition |
| experimental group | a group in experiment where they are exposed to the manipulation of independant variable |
| control group | a group in experiment not exposed to manipulation of independant variable |
| population | the entire set of individuals where generalizations can be made based on an experimental sample |
| sample | a small group of individuals from a population |
| representative sample | a subset of population which reflects the population as a whole |
| Reliability | the consistency or dependability of behavioral data resulting from psychological testing or experimental research |
| Validity | the extent to which a test measures what it was intended to measure |
| Self-report measures | a self-behavior that is identified and reported through a participants own observations |
| rapport | a positive social relationship with the respondant that encourages trust and the sharing of personal information |
| Behavioral measures | Overt actions or reactions that is observed and recorded, exclusive of self reported behavior |
| naturalistic observation | a reasearch technique in which unontrusive observations are made of behaviors that occur in natural enviroments |
| case study | intensive observation of a particular individual or small group of individuals |
| informed consent | the proces through which individuals are informed about experimental procedures, risks, and benifits before they provide formal consent to become research participants. |
| debriefing | a procedure conducted at the end of an expeiment in which the researcher provides the participant with as much information about the study as possible and makes sure the participant feels comfortable |
Created by:
HuseinRaja
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