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Psych Ch. 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| psychology | the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and thier mental processes |
| scientific method | a set of orderly steps used to analyze and solve problems |
| behavior | the means by which an organism adjustss to its enviroment; behavior is action |
| mental processes | the workings of the human mind |
| The Goal of Psychology | understand and improve the quality of the individuals and collectives well being |
| Behavioral Data | reports of observations about an organisms behavior |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | one of the first experimental psychologists. 'Psychology has a long past but a short history" |
| Plato and Aristotle | greek philosophers who asked basic questions about humanity |
| empiricist view | people begin thier life as a blank tablet and their mind gets information through life experiences. |
| John Locke | believed in the empiricist view |
| nativist view | people begin life with mental structures that provide constraints on how they experience the world |
| Immanuel Kant | fully developed the nativist view |
| René Descartes | the human body is an animal machine and can be understood scientifically. by discovering natural laws through empirical observation |
| Wilhelm Wundt | 1879 in Leipzig Germany. Founded the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology |
| Where was the first Psychology laboratory in North America? | Johns Hopkins University, 1883 |
| Edward Titchener | one of the first psychologists in the united states. founded laboratory in Cornell University in 1892 |
| William James | wrote "The Principles of Psychology" which is considered the most important psychology text ever written |
| Stanley Hall | founded the American Psychological Association in 1892 |
| structuralism | The study of the structure of mind and behavior; the view that all human mental experience can be understood as a combination os simple elements or events |
| introspection | individuals systematic examination of thier own thoughts and feelings |
| Max Wertheimer | founded Gestals Psychology. or psychology of Organized Wholes |
| Gestalt Psychology | a school of psychology that maintains that psychological phenomena can only be understood when viewd as organized wholes not as broken down perceptual elements |
| functionalism | the perspective on mind and behavior that focuses on the examination of thier functions on organisms interactions with the enviroment |
| John Dewey | focused on functions of reflexes. His research led to progressive education |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | invented important techniques to study memory. since she was a woman she could not get a PhD even though she completed all requirements at harvard. First woman to lead American Psychological Association |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | first woman to recieve PhD in Psychology. wrote "An Animal Mind" in 1908. second woman to lead American Psychological Association. |
| Helen Thompson Wooley | did reasearch on the differences between the sexes. graduated from University of Chicago with PhD in 1900 |
| Leta Stetter Hollingworth | followed on wooleys research and did reaserach against the claim that women were inferior to men |
| psychodynamic perspective | a psychological model in which behavior is explained in terms of past experiences and motivational forces, actions are viewed as stemming from inherited intincts, biological drives, and attempts to resolve conflicts and needs |
| Sigmund Freud | worked with mentally disturbed patients and he believed that human actions were not always logical or rational. he worked on the psychodynamic perspective |
| behaviorist perspective | seeks to understand how enviromental stimuli control particular behavior |
| antecedent enviromental conditions | enviromental conditions that set the stage for an organism to respond to. |
| John Watson | pioneered the behaviorist perspective. research should seek the laws that govern observable behavior across species |
| B.F Skinner | extended behaviorist perspective by adding consequences of behaviors |
| behaviorism | a scientific aproach that limits the study of psychology to measurable or observable behavior |
| humanistic perspective | people are active creatures who are innately good and capable of making choices. studies by looking for patterns in peoples histories |
| Carl Rogers | emphasized that individuals drive towardsa natural tendancy of psychological growth and health. aided by the positive process of those around them |
| Abraham Maslow | coined the term self-acutalization to refer to each individuals drive to thier fullest potential |
| cognative perspective | is human thought and all the processes of knowing. people act because they think and people think because they are able to do so |
| Noam Chomsky | worked against BF Skinners work is support of the cognative perspective |
| Jean Piaget | used a series of mental tasks to demonstrate qualitative changes in the course of cognative development |
| Biological Perspective | behavior and actions can be understood on a biological level of the nerves, brain, endocrine system , genes, etc. |
| behaviorial neuroscience | understand the brain processes underlying behaviors. such as sences, behavior and emotion |
| cognative neuroscience | trains a multidiciplinary research focus on higher cognative functions |
| evolutionary perspective | the approach that stresses the importance of mental and behaviorial adaptiveness which would evolve over millions of years |
| the sociocultural perspective | focuses on differences of culture in the causes and consequences of behavior |
| Bronislaw Malinowski | ciricized freuds work since it only focussed on people who lived in vienna and did not take other cultures into account |
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HuseinRaja
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