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Chapt 1

Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Term Definition
Hindsight bias the tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Critical thinking thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions
Theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
Hypothesis a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Operational definition a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables
Replication repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Case study an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Survey a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.
False consensus effect the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
Population all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
Random sample a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Naturalistic observation observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Correlation a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
Scatterplot a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the two points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables
Illusory correlation the perception of a relationship where none exists
Experiment a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Double-blind procedure an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant(blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo
Placebo effect experimental results caused by expectations alone
Experimental conditon the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment
Control condition the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition
Random assignment assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences
Independent Variable the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Dependent Variable the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable
Mode the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
Mean the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing the number of scores
Median the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
Range the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Standard deviation a computed measure of how much scores vary around the average
Statistical significance a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
Culture the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Scientific Method set of general procedures that allow us to arrive at a variable truth
Created by: andermckinnon
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