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Psy chapt 12
Psychology chapter 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social psychology | The study of how people influence other people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
| Ingroups | Those groups to which particular people belong. |
| Outgroups | Those to which they do not belong. |
| Reciprocity | Means that if Person A helps (or harms) Person B willl help (or harm) Person A. In other words, if you scratch my back, I will scratch yours. |
| Transitity | Means that people generally share their friends' opinions of other people. If Person A and Person B are friends, then if Person A likes Person C and dislikes Person D, then Person B will also tend to like Person C and dislike Person D. |
| outgroup homogeneity effect | The tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members. |
| social identity theory | The idea that ingroups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership. |
| ingroup favoritism | The tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup. |
| social facilitation | The idea that the presence of others generally enhances performance. |
| Deindividuation | A state of reduced individuality, reduced self-awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are part of a group. |
| group polarization | The process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time. |
| groupthink | The tendency of groups to make bad decisions when the group is under pressure, facing external threats, and is biased. |
| social loafing | The tendency for people to not work as hard in a group than when working alone. |
| conformity | The altering of one’s behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people’s expectations. |
| Normative influence | The tendency for people to conform in order to fit in with the group. |
| Informational influence | The tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond. |
| social norms | Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior. |
| compliance | The tendency to agree to do things requested by others. |
| obedience | When a person follows the orders of a person of authority. |
| foot-in-the-door effect | The idea that if people agree to a small request, they become more likely to comply with a large and undesirable request. |
| Aggression | Any behavior that involves the intention to harm another |
| Prosocial behaviors | Actions that tend to benefit others, such as doing favors or helping. |
| Altruism | Providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so. |
| inclusive fitness | An explanation for altruism that focuses on the adaptive benefit of transmitting genes, such as through kin selection, rather than focusing on individual survival. |
| bystander intervention effect | The failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present. |
| attitudes | People’s evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas. |
| mere exposure effect | The idea that greater exposure to a stimulus leads to greater liking for it. |
| Explicit attitudes | Attitudes that a person can report. |
| implicit attitudes | Attitudes that influence a person’s feelings and behavior at an unconscious level. |
| cognitive dissonance | An uncomfortable mental state resulting from a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. |
| Persuasion | The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message. |
| elaboration likelihood model | The idea that persuasive messages lead to attitude changes in two ways: via the central route or via the peripheral route. |
| nonverbal behavior | The facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others. |
| Attributions | People’s explanations for why events or actions occur. |
| Personal attributions | Explanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts. |
| Situational attributions | Explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions. |
| fundamental attribution error | In explaining other people’s behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors. |
| Prejudice | Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype. |
| Discrimination | The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice. |
| modern racism | Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs. |
| “what is beautiful is good” stereotype | The belief that attractive people are superior in most ways. |
| Passionate love | A state of intense longing and desire. |
| Companionate lov | A strong commitment based on friendship, trust, respect, and intimacy. |
Created by:
Haleyannestes
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