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Pharm1 1-3
Pharmacology 1 Chapters 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Additive Effects | Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone |
| Adverse Drug Event (ADE) | Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication |
| Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) | An expected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages |
| Adverse Effects | Any undesirable bodily effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs |
| Agonist | A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more biochemical receptor sites in the body |
| Allergic Reaction | An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication |
| Antagonist | A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more biochemical receptor sites in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors. |
| Antagonistic Effects | Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone; it is usually called antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another |
| Bioavailability | a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%) |
| Biotransformation | One or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produce a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism. |
| Chemical name | The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug. |
| Contraindication | Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable |
| Cytochrome | General name for a large class of enzymes (found especially in the liver) that play a significant role in drug metabolism |
| Dissolution | The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract, become soluble, and are absorbed into the circulation |
| Drug | Any chemical substance that affects the physiologic process of the living organism |
| Drug Actions | The cellular process involved in the interaction between the drug and body cells, aka the mechanism of action |
| Drug Effects | The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug |
| Drug Induced teratogenesis | The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs |
| Duration of Action | The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood tissues is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response |
| Drug Interaction | Alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs |
| Enzymes | Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the bodies own physiologic processes as well as those related to the drug metabolism |
| First-pass Effect | The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream |
| Generic Name | the name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the non-proprietary name. |
| Half-life | In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body |
| Idiosyncratic Reaction | An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient |
| Incompatibility | The quality of two potential drugs or solutions that leads to a reaction resulting in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs when the two substances are mixed |
| Medication Error (ME) | Any preventable ADE involving inappropriate medication use by the patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause harm |
| Medication use Process | The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects |
| Metabolite | Achemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more metabolic reactions involving the parent drug. |
| Onset of Action | The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing |
| Parent Drug | The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites. |
| Peak Effect | The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body |
| Peak Level | The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring |
| Pharmaceutics | The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design |
| Pharmacodynamics | The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physiochemical properties of drugs and their pharmocologic interactions with body receptors |
| Pharmacogenetics | the study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes |
| Pharmacognosy | The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources. |
| Pharmacokinetics | The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after the drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. |
| Pharmacology | Broadest term for the study and science of drugs |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs |
| Prodrug | An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical chemical reactions once it is inside the body. |
| Receptor | A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (drug molecules), and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug effects) occurs as a result |
| Steady State | The physiologic stste in wich the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose |
| Substrate | A substance (drug or natural chemical in the body) on which an enzyme acts |
| Synergistic Effects | Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone; (compare with additive effects) |
| Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | The process of measuring drug peak levels to guage the level of a patient's drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the joint goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity |
| Therapeutic Effect | the desired or intended effect of a particular medication |
| Therapeutic Index | The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug. If the index is low, the difference between the therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations is small, and the use of the drug is more hazardous |
| Toxic | The quality of being poisonous |
| Toxicity | The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities |
| Toxicology | The study of poisons, It deals with the effects of drugs and other chemicals in living systems, their detection and treatments to counteract their posionous effects |
| Trade Name | The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name. |
| Trough Level | The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring |
| Goals | Statements that are time specific and describe generally what is to be accomplished to address specific diagnosis. |
| Nursing Process | An organizational framework for the practice of nursing. It encompasses all steps taken by the nurse in caring for the patient: assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning (with goals and outcome criteria), implementation of the plan, and evaluation |
| Outcome Criteria | Descriptions of specific patient behaviors or responses that demonstrate the meeting of or achievement of goals related to each nursing diagnosis |
| Active Transport | The active (energy requiring) movement of a substance between different tissues via biomolecular pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes |
| Diffusion | The passive movement of a substance between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration |
| Elderly | Persons over 65 |
| Nomogram | A graphical tool for estimating drug dosages using various body measurements |
| Pediatric | pertaining to a person who is 12 years or younger |
| Polypharmacy | The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems |
Created by:
cspearsall
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