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X-Ray **Studies
Specifics on radiological studies, i.e., cystography, arthrography, etc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an ERCP used to diagnose? | Biliary and pancreatic pathology |
| How is an ERCP performed? | Fiberoptic endoscope passed thru mouth into duodenum. |
| Where is contrast injected for an ERCP? | Common bile duct or pancreatic duct |
| IVU: Where is the CR placed for the AP Bladder position? | Perpendicular at level of iliac crest |
| What is the purpose of intravenous urography studies? | To demonstrate structure and function of urinary system. |
| IVU: Where does contrast begin to appear? | 2 - 8 minutes |
| What is intravenous urography used to diagnose? | Blunt or penetrating trauma affecting the kidneys |
| IVU: When ureteric compression is used, where is it applied? | Distal ends of ureters, centered at ASIS level. |
| IVU: When is compression contraindicated? | Urinary stones, ab mass, aneurysm, colostomy present |
| IVU: Can patients eat the night before this exam? | NPO after midnight on day of exam. |
| What is nephrotomography? | Tomography used during IVP to blur gas patterns. |
| What does nephrotomography diagnose? | Kidney stones, renal hypertension, renal cysts, tumors |
| What are some contraindications for nephrotomography? | Renal failure; contrast media sensitivity |
| IVU: For an oblique, where is the CR placed? | Perpendicular at level of iliac crests, entering 2" lateral to midline on elevated side. |
| IVU: For an oblique, how many degrees is the patient turned? | 30 degrees |
| IVU: For an oblique, what position will the kidney closer to the IR be in? | Perpendicular |
| What is cystography? | Study of the bladder with contrast |
| What is a cystography used to diagnose? | Injury to the bladder, if pelvis is fractured |
| During cystography, how is contrast injected? | Urethral catheter with retrograde technique |
| Cystography: For an AP, where is CR placed? | 5 degrees caudal to level 2 - 3" above symphysis pubis |
| Cystography: For an AP Axial, where is CR placed? | 10 - 15 degrees caudal 2" above upper border of pubic symphysis. |
| Cystography: For a lateral, where is CR placed? | Perpendicular, 2" above upper border of pubic symphysis |
| Cystography: For an AP oblique (RPO/LPO), where is CR placed? | Perpendicular, 2" above upper border of pubic symphysis and 2" medial to upper ASIS |
| Cystography: For an AP oblique (RPO/LPO),how many degrees is the patient rotated? | 40 - 60 degrees |
| Voiding Cystourethrography (Female): Where is CR placed? | 5 degrees caudal |
| Voiding Cystourethrography (Female): How is contrast injected? | Syringe fitted with blunt-nosed, soft rubber acorn is inserted into urethral orifice. |
| Voiding Cystourethrography (Male): Where is CR placed? | Superior border of pubic symphysis |
| Voiding Cystourethrography (Male): For the AP Oblique, how many degrees is the patient turned? | 35 - 40 degrees |
| Voiding Cystourethrography (Male): How is contrast injected? | Catheter is inserted through urethra. |
| Retrograde Pyelography: What positions are used? | AP (KUB), RPO, LPO |
| What is retrograde pyelography? | Contrast study to demonstrate inside of ureter and pelvis |
| What are indications for retrograde pyelography? | Ureteric stones and injuries, renal pelvis neoplasms, calculi |
| What are contraindications for retrograde pyelography? | Urethritis, stricture urethra |
| Retrograde Pyelography: How is contrast fluid injected? | Ureteric catheter is inserted into bladder. 20 - 30 ml of radioopaque contrast is injected. |
| What is cholangiography? | Radiographic study of the bile ducts with radiopaque contrast. |
| What is the purpose of surgical cholangiography? | Jaundice, patency of bile ducts, presence of calculi |
| Surgical cholangiography: Where is CR placement for an AP or AP Oblique? | Perpendicular to exposed biliary tract |
| Surgical cholangiography: How many degrees is the patient obliqued for an AP Oblique? | 15 - 20 degrees |
| Surgical cholangiography: What are breathing instructions for this exam? | Breathing is controlled by anestetist |
| Surgical cholangiography: What type of needle is used for this exam? | Chiba (skinny) needle |
| Surgical cholangiography: Another name for this. | PTC (Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography) |
| What is Myelography? | Radiologic study of the CNS situated within the vertebral canal with contrast into spinal subarachnoid space |
| What is a myelography used to diagnose? | Herniated intervertebral disks, degenerative diseases of CNS, lesions, bone fragments |
| Myelography: How is contrast injected? | Lumbar puncture at L2-L3 or L3-L4 by doctor. |
| Myelography: What type of contrast is used? | Nonionic, water-soluble |
| What is Arthrography? | Contrast study of joint and its surrounding structures. |
| What is Arthography used to diagnose? | Joint trauma, meniscal tears, arthritic deformities |
| Arthography: What type of contrast agent is used? | Negative, positive or both |
| Arthography: What is the most common view for this study? | Lateral knee with 90 degree flexion |
| What is Venography? | Contrast study of the veins. |
| What is venography used to diagnose? | Embolisms, thrombosis, varicose veins, vessel damage |
| Upper Extremity Venogram: Where is contrast injected? | Superficial vein at elbow or wrist |
| Upper Extremity Venogram: What projection is used for this study? | AP showing site of injection to superior vena cava |
| Upper Extremity Venogram: Used to diagnose what condition? | Thrombosis |
| Lower Extremity Venogram: Used to diagnose what condition? | Thrombosis in legs |
| Lower Extremity Venogram: Where is contrast injected? | Superficial vein of foot |
| Lower Extremity Venogram: What projection is used for this study? | AP with 30 degree internal rotation |
| What is Enteroclysis? | Radiographic procedure where contrast is injected into duodenum under fluoroscopic control for exam of small intestine. |
| Enteroclysis: What type of tube is used for injection? | Bilbao or Sellink tube |
| Enteroclysis: Can enemas be used to cleanse the patient's colon? | No |
| Enteroclysis: How far into the intestine is the catheter inserted? | To the end of the duodenum, near the ligament of Treitz. |
Created by:
rad1958tech
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