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Psy chapt 13

Psychology Chapter 13

TermDefinition
personality A person’s characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors.
personality trait A pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that is relatively consistent over time and across situations.
organization The notion of _____ indicates that personality is a coherent whole.
dynamic This organized whole is _____ in that it is goal seeking, sensitive to particular contexts, and adaptive to the person's enviornment.
Psychophysial systems Allport had two ideas: He highlighted the mental nature of personality (i.e., the psycho- part of psychophysical), and he recognized that personality arises from basic biological processes (i.e., the –physical part).
Characteristics Stressed that peronality causes people to have _____ behaviors and thoughts (and feelings).
temperaments Biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways.
Activity levels is the overall amount of energy and of behavior a person exhibits. For example, some children race around the house, others are less vigorous, page 553 and still others are slow paced.
Emotionality describes the intensity of emotional reactions. For example, children who cry often or easily become frightened, as well as adults who quickly anger, are likely to be high in emotionality
Sociability Refers to the general tendecny to affiliate with others. People high in sociability perfer to be with others rather than to be alone.
psychodynamic theory The Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior.
Conscious level Level consists of the thoughts that people are aware of.
Presonscious level Level consists of content that is not currently in awareness but that could be brought to awareness. This level is roughly analogous to long-term memory.
Unconscious level Level contains material that the mind cannot easily retrieve, including hidden memories, wishes, desires, and motives.
Freudian slip People may accidentally reveal a hidden motive when uttering a ____.
Pleasure princple The id operates accoding to the ______, which directs the person to seek pleasure and to avoid pain.
id In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle.
superego In psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct.
ego In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego.
reality principle The ego operates according to the ____, which involves rational thoughts and problem solving.
defense mechanisms Unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety.
Denial Refusing to acknowledge source of anxiety Example: Ill person ignores medical advice.
Repression Excluding source of anxiety from awareness Example: Person fails to remember an unpleasant event
Projection Attributing unacceptable qualities of the self to someone else Example: Competitive person describes others as supercompetitive.
Reaction formation Warding off an uncomfortable thought by overemphasizing its opposite Example: Person with unacknowledged homosexual desires makes homophobic remarks.
Rationalization Concocting a seemingly logical reason or excuse for behavior that might otherwise be shameful Example: Person cheats on taxes because “everyone does it.”
Displacement Shifting the attention of emotion from one object to another Example: Person yells at children after a bad day at work.
Sublimation Channeling socially unacceptable impulses into constructive, even admirable, behavior Example: Sadist becomes a surgeon or dentist.
Erogenous Zone The mouth, the anus, or the genitals.
Orla Stage lasts from birth to approximately 18 months. During this time, infants seek pleasure through the mouth.
Anal Stage When children are 2 to 3 years old, they enter the____. During this time, toilet training—learning to control the bowels—leads them to focus on the anus.
Phallic Stage From age 3 to 5, children are in the _____. That is, they direct their libidinal energies toward the genitals. Children often discover the pleasure of rubbing their genitals during this time, although they have no sexual intent per se.
Latency stage Brief. During this time, children suppress libidinal urges or channel them into doing schoolwork or building friendships.
Genital Stage Adolescents and adults attain mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood.
psychosexual stages According to Freud, developmental stages that correspond to distinct libidinal urges; progression through these stages profoundly affects personality.
humanistic approaches Approaches to studying personality that emphasize how people seek to fulfill their potential through greater self-understanding.
trait approach An approach to studying personality that focuses on how individuals differ in personality dispositions.
five-factor theory The idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
behavioral approach system (BAS) The brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards.
behavioral inhibition system (BIS) The brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain.
situationism The theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits.
interactionists Theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by situations and underlying dispositions.
idiographic approaches Person-centered approaches to assessing personality; they focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons.
nomothetic approaches Approaches to assessing personality that focus on how common characteristics vary from person to person.
self-esteem The evaluative aspect of the self-concept in which people feel worthy or unworthy.
sociometer An internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection.
self-serving bias The tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors.
Created by: Haleyannestes
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