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psych learning
principles of learning exam 2 lecture 18
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 2 important steps in shaping | Reinforce successive approximations of the target behavior Ex: approaching the lever, then sniffing it, then touching it Non-reinforce previously reinforced response forms Ex: touching the lever was reinforced initially then later was not |
| Successive approximations | Acting in a way that gets closer and closer to the desired behavior or acting in a similar way |
| Shaping | A behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that come close to the desired response. |
| Shaping response chains | Start by giving reinforcement for the first behavior in the chain, then giving reinforcement only for making the first response followed by the second in the chain (not the first response alone), etc… |
| Changes in the response rate | Reinforcement Punishment |
| Reinforcement | Increases response rate (or probability) of some target response |
| Punishment | Decreases response rate (or probability) of some target response |
| Presence or absence of stimuli | Positive procedures Negative procedures |
| Positive procedures | Present a stimulus after the behavior |
| Negative procedures | Withhold a stimulus after the behavior |
| Target behavior | Particular behavior you are targeting Many behaviors are incompatible with one another, so reinforcing one (increasing its probability) will likely punish the other (decrease its probability) |
| Positive reinforcement | Making some target response earns a pleasant outcome, so that response is increased – Ex: If you get an A, your parents will give you money |
| Negative reinforcement | Making some target response avoids an unpleasant outcome, so that response is increased – Ex: If you get an A, your parents won’t embarrass you in front of your whole school by yelling at you |
| Positive punishment | Making a response causes an unpleasant outcome- that response is decreased – Ex: If you talk back, a nun will smack you This is the basis of some punishment (spanking, certain countries where you can be caned for littering) |
| Negative punishment | Making some response causes the omission of some appetitive stimulus, so that response is decreased – Ex: If you don’t make some sort of unwanted behavior, you get a cookie This is really the basis of our justice system -Ex: Free for not murdering |
| Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), aka Negative punishment | Decreasing the target behaviors mean that other behaviors increase- even if they are just sitting quietly Omitting rewards that would be given otherwise Negative punishment is also called omission training |
| Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) | This intervention serves to increase the appropriate behavior while decreasing the inappropriate behavior. |
| Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) | A subcategory of DAR, a procedure in which the teacher would identify a behavior that's incompatible with, or cannot occur at the same time as, the problem behavior. The focus is on replacing negative behaviors with positive behaviors. |
| Common methods in clinical settings for the developmentally disabled | Negative punishment (omitting rewards that would be given otherwise- DRO) and positive reinforcement Positive punishment works faster, but it is less accepted by society and many behaviorists favor positive reinforcement to change behavior |
| Issues with DRO/Negative punishment | Can lead to them never receiving pleasant rewards/reinforcers Can increase aggression due to frustration The problem behavior isn’t interrupted… so they can hurt themselves or others or cause property damage Generally speaking you get into an arms race |
| Issues with DRO/Negative punishment | It takes a lot of careful attention to keep the residents from learning that initiating bad behaviors will get them rewards and once they learn this, it is almost impossible to get them to unlearn it |
| Issues with DRO/Negative punishment | And even if SOMEONE manages to keep the proper contingencies, someone else won’t then the person who reinforces bad behavior becomes a discriminative stimulus for reinforced bad behavior |
Created by:
tdhughes02
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