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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| joint | is the place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth. |
| arthrology. | the scientific study of joints |
| fibrous joint | has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are held together by dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue. |
| cartilaginous joint | has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are joined by cartilage. |
| synovial joint | has a fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones. |
| synarthrosis | is an immobile joint. |
| amphiarthrosis | is a slightly mobile joint. |
| diarthrosis | diarthrosis is a freely mobile joint; all synovial joints are diarthroses. |
| Gomphoses resembles | “peg in a socket.” |
| The only gomphoses in the human body are the articulations of the | roots of teeth with the sockets of the mandible and the maxillae. |
| A tooth is held firmly in place by | fibrous periodontal membranes. |
| The gomphosis between tooth and jaw is a | synarthrosis. |
| 1. Sutures are immobile fibrous joints (synarthroses) that are found only | between certain bones of the skull. |
| Sutures have distinct, interlocking, usually | irregular edges. |
| Sutures permit the skull to grow as the brain increases in size during | childhood. |
| In an older adult, the dense regular connective tissue in the suture becomes | ossified, fusing the skull bones together and transforming the sutures into synostoses. |
| 1. Syndesmoses are fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by | long strands of dense regular connective tissue only. |
| Syndesmoses are classified as | amphiarthroses. |
| Syndesmoses are found between the | radius and ulna and between the tibia and fibula. |
| The shafts of the two articulating bones are bound by a broad ligamentous sheet called | an interosseous membrane, which provides a pivot where the articulating bones can move against one another. |
| An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called | synchondrosis. |
| All synchondroses are | synarthroses. |
| Examples of synchondroses are the | epiphyseal plate in children, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, the costochondral joints of the ribs, and the first sternocostal joint. |
| a. Costochondritis refers to | inflammation and irritation of the costochondral joints, resulting in localized chest pain. |
| The cause of costochondritis is usually | unknown, but may include repeated minor trauma to the chest wall, or infection of the joints themselves. |
| Costochondritis may be mistaken for pain from a | myocardial infarction. |
| Costochondritis may be treated with | NSAIDs, and symptoms typically disappear after several weeks. |
| A symphysis has a pad of | fibrocartilage between the articulating bones, which resists compression and tension stresses. |
| All symphyses are | amphiarthroses. |
| Examples of a symphysis include the | pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs. |
| All synovial joints are classified as | diarthroses. |
| a. Each synovial joint is composed of a | double-layered capsule called the articular capsule. |
| The outer layer of the articular capsule is the | fibrous layer, which is formed from dense connective tissue and strengthens the joint. |
| The inner layer of the articular capsule is the synovial membrane, which is composed primarily of | areolar connective tissue and helps produce synovial fluid. |
| All articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint are covered by | a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage, which lacks a perichondrium. |
| Only synovial joints house a joint cavity, a space that permits | separation of the articulating bones. |
| Synovial fluid is a | viscous, oily substance located within a synovial joint and is produced from the synovial membrane and filtrate from blood plasma. |
| Synovial fluid has three functions: | It lubricates the articular cartilage, nourishes the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage, and acts as a shock absorber. |
| Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue; they connect | one bone to another bone and stabilize, strengthen, and reinforce most synovial joints. |
| Extrinsic ligaments are | outside of the joint capsule |
| Intrinsic ligaments represent | thickenings of the articular capsule itself. |
| a. All synovial joints have numerous | sensory nerves and blood vessels that innervate and supply the articular capsule and associated ligaments. |
| Tendons are like ligaments are composed of | dense regular connective tissue, but they are not part of the synovial joint itself. |
| Tendons attach muscle to bone; they | stabilize joints, provide mechanical support, and limit the range of movement of joints. |
| A bursa is a fibrous, saclike structure that contains | synovial fluid and is lined internally by a synovial membrane. |
| Bursae may be either connected to the | joint cavity or completely separate from it. |
| An elongated bursa called a tendon sheath wraps around | tendons where there may be excessive friction, particularly in the wrist and ankle. |
| d. Fat pads are often distributed along the periphery of a | synovial joint. |
| Fat pads act as packing material and provide protection | for the joint. |
| a. Cavitation occurs when | a. Cavitation occurs when gases dissolved in joint fluid form bubbles, due to the stretching or pulling of a synovial joint and the resultant decrease in pressure. |
| When the joint is stretched to a certain point, the pressure in the joint | drops further, so the bubbles burst, resulting in a popping or cracking sound. Contrary to popular belief, cracking your knuckles does not cause arthritis. |
| a. A joint is said to be uniaxial if the bone | moves in just one plane or axis. |
| A joint is biaxial if the bone | moves in just one plane or axis. |
| A joint is multiaxial (or triaxial) if the bone | moves in multiple planes or axes. |
| a. A plane joint is the simplest | synovial articulation and the least mobile type of diarthrosis. |
| Plane joints are described as | uniaxial because they mostly provide movement in one direction, with limited side-to-side movements. The articular surfaces of the bones of plane joints are flat. Examples of plane joints include the intercarpal and intertarsal joints. |
| b. A hinge joint is a uniaxial joint formed by the | convex surface of one articulating bone fitting into a concave depression on the other bone in the joint. An example of a hinge joint is the elbow joint. |
| A pivot joint is a uniaxial joint in which one articulating bone with a | rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone. |
| Examples of a pivot joint include | the proximal radioulnar joint and the atlantoaxial joint. |
| Condylar joints are biaxial joints with an oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates | with a concave articular surface on the second bone of the joint. Examples of condylar joints are the metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers 2 through 5, or “knuckles.” |
| A saddle joint is a biaxial joint that is so named because | the articular surfaces of the bones have convex and concave regions that resemble the shape of a saddle. An example of a saddle joint is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. |
| Ball-and-socket joints are multiaxial joints in which the spherical | articulating head of one bone fits into the rounded, cuplike socket of a second bone. Examples of ball-and-socket joints include the coxal and glenohumeral joints. |
| 1. A lever is an | elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum. |
| Levers have the ability to | alter or change the speed and distance of movement produced by a force, the direction of an applied force, and the force strength. Movement occurs when an effort applied to one point on the lever exceeds a resistance located at some other point. |
| The part of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort is called | the effort arm. |
| The lever part from the fulcrum to the point of resistance is the | resistance arm. |
| In the body, a long bone acts as a | lever, a joint serves as the fulcrum, and the effort is generated by a muscle attached to the bone. |
| 1. A first-class lever has a fulcrum in the | middle, between the effort and the resistance. An example of a first-class lever in the body is the atlanto-occipital joint of the neck. |
| The resistance in a second-class lever is between | the fulcrum and the applied effort. Second-class levers are rare in the body, but one example is the plantar flexion of the foot so that a person can stand on tiptoe. |
| A third-class lever is observed when the | effort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum. Third-class levers are the most common levers in the body; examples include the elbow joint and the temporomandibular joint. |
| 1. Gliding is a simple movement | in which 2 opposing surfaces slide slightly back-and-forth or side-to-side with respect to one another.The angle between the bones does not change, and only limited movement is possible in any direction.Gliding motion typically occurs along plane joints. |
| Angular motion includes | flexion and extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction and adduction, and circumduction. |
| flexion is movement in the | anterior-posterior plane of the body that decreases the angle between the bones; the opposite of flexion is extension. |
| When a joint is extended more than 180 degrees, the movement is called | hyperextension. |
| Lateral flexion occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a | coronal plane laterally away from the body. |
| Abduction is a lateral movement of a body part | away from the body midline; the opposite of abduction is adduction. |
| Circumduction is a sequence of movements | in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion, making an imaginary cone shape. |
| Rotation is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns | on its own longitudinal axis.. |
| Lateral rotation turns the | anterior surface of a bone laterally. |
| Pronation is the | medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly; |
| supination occurs when the forearm rotates | laterally so that the palm is in the anatomical position. |
| a. Depression | inferior movement of a part of the body |
| Elevation | superior movement of a body part. |
| Dorsiflexion | occurs when the talocrural (ankle) joint is bent such that the dorsum of the foot and toes moves toward the leg |
| Plantar flexion | is a movement of the foot at the talocrural joint so that the toes point inferiorly. |
| Inversion | occurs when the sole of the foot turns medially |
| Eversion | occurs when the sole of the foot turns to face laterally. |
| Protraction | anterior movement of a body part from the anatomic position |
| Retraction | is the posteriorly directed movement of a body part from the anatomic position. |
| Opposition | occurs at the carpometacarpal joint, when the thumb crosses the hand to grasp objects |
| the opposite movement. | is the opposite movement. |
| Reposition | is the opposite movement. |
| 1. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the | articulation formed at the point where the head of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone. |
| A loose articular capsule surrounds the joint and promotes an extensive | range of motion. |
| Inside the articular capsule is an articular disc that is a thick pad of | fibrocartilage separating the articulating bones and extending horizontally to divide the synovial cavity into two separate chambers; thus, the TMJ is really two synovial joints. |
| The temporomandibular ligament is composed of | two short bands that extend inferiorly and posteriorly from the articular tubercle to the mandible. |
| The TMJ exhibits | hinge, gliding, and some pivot joint movements. |
Created by:
zachflemings