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joint

is the place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth.

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arthrology.

the scientific study of joints

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fibrous joint

has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are held together by dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue.

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cartilaginous joint

has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are joined by cartilage.

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synovial joint

has a fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones.

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synarthrosis

is an immobile joint.

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amphiarthrosis

is a slightly mobile joint.

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diarthrosis

diarthrosis is a freely mobile joint; all synovial joints are diarthroses.

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Gomphoses resembles

“peg in a socket.”

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The only gomphoses in the human body are the articulations of the

roots of teeth with the sockets of the mandible and the maxillae.

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A tooth is held firmly in place by

fibrous periodontal membranes.

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The gomphosis between tooth and jaw is a

synarthrosis.

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1. Sutures are immobile fibrous joints (synarthroses) that are found only

between certain bones of the skull.

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Sutures have distinct, interlocking, usually

irregular edges.

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Sutures permit the skull to grow as the brain increases in size during

childhood.

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In an older adult, the dense regular connective tissue in the suture becomes

ossified, fusing the skull bones together and transforming the sutures into synostoses.

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1. Syndesmoses are fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by

long strands of dense regular connective tissue only.

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Syndesmoses are classified as

amphiarthroses.

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Syndesmoses are found between the

radius and ulna and between the tibia and fibula.

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The shafts of the two articulating bones are bound by a broad ligamentous sheet called

an interosseous membrane, which provides a pivot where the articulating bones can move against one another.

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An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called

synchondrosis.

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All synchondroses are

synarthroses.

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Examples of synchondroses are the

epiphyseal plate in children, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, the costochondral joints of the ribs, and the first sternocostal joint.

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a. Costochondritis refers to

inflammation and irritation of the costochondral joints, resulting in localized chest pain.

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The cause of costochondritis is usually

unknown, but may include repeated minor trauma to the chest wall, or infection of the joints themselves.

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Costochondritis may be mistaken for pain from a

myocardial infarction.

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Costochondritis may be treated with

NSAIDs, and symptoms typically disappear after several weeks.

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A symphysis has a pad of

fibrocartilage between the articulating bones, which resists compression and tension stresses.

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All symphyses are

amphiarthroses.

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Examples of a symphysis include the

pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs.

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All synovial joints are classified as

diarthroses.

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a. Each synovial joint is composed of a

double-layered capsule called the articular capsule.

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The outer layer of the articular capsule is the

fibrous layer, which is formed from dense connective tissue and strengthens the joint.

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The inner layer of the articular capsule is the synovial membrane, which is composed primarily of

areolar connective tissue and helps produce synovial fluid.

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All articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint are covered by

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage, which lacks a perichondrium.

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Only synovial joints house a joint cavity, a space that permits

separation of the articulating bones.

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Synovial fluid is a

viscous, oily substance located within a synovial joint and is produced from the synovial membrane and filtrate from blood plasma.

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Synovial fluid has three functions:

It lubricates the articular cartilage, nourishes the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage, and acts as a shock absorber.

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Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue; they connect

one bone to another bone and stabilize, strengthen, and reinforce most synovial joints.

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Extrinsic ligaments are

outside of the joint capsule

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Intrinsic ligaments represent

thickenings of the articular capsule itself.

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a. All synovial joints have numerous

sensory nerves and blood vessels that innervate and supply the articular capsule and associated ligaments.

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Tendons are like ligaments are composed of

dense regular connective tissue, but they are not part of the synovial joint itself.

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Tendons attach muscle to bone; they

stabilize joints, provide mechanical support, and limit the range of movement of joints.

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A bursa is a fibrous, saclike structure that contains

synovial fluid and is lined internally by a synovial membrane.

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Bursae may be either connected to the

joint cavity or completely separate from it.

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An elongated bursa called a tendon sheath wraps around

tendons where there may be excessive friction, particularly in the wrist and ankle.

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d. Fat pads are often distributed along the periphery of a

synovial joint.

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Fat pads act as packing material and provide protection

for the joint.

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a. Cavitation occurs when

a. Cavitation occurs when gases dissolved in joint fluid form bubbles, due to the stretching or pulling of a synovial joint and the resultant decrease in pressure.

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When the joint is stretched to a certain point, the pressure in the joint

drops further, so the bubbles burst, resulting in a popping or cracking sound. Contrary to popular belief, cracking your knuckles does not cause arthritis.

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a. A joint is said to be uniaxial if the bone

moves in just one plane or axis.

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A joint is biaxial if the bone

moves in just one plane or axis.

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A joint is multiaxial (or triaxial) if the bone

moves in multiple planes or axes.

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a. A plane joint is the simplest

synovial articulation and the least mobile type of diarthrosis.

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Plane joints are described as

uniaxial because they mostly provide movement in one direction, with limited side-to-side movements. The articular surfaces of the bones of plane joints are flat. Examples of plane joints include the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

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b. A hinge joint is a uniaxial joint formed by the

convex surface of one articulating bone fitting into a concave depression on the other bone in the joint. An example of a hinge joint is the elbow joint.

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A pivot joint is a uniaxial joint in which one articulating bone with a

rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone.

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Examples of a pivot joint include

the proximal radioulnar joint and the atlantoaxial joint.

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Condylar joints are biaxial joints with an oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates

with a concave articular surface on the second bone of the joint. Examples of condylar joints are the metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers 2 through 5, or “knuckles.”

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A saddle joint is a biaxial joint that is so named because

the articular surfaces of the bones have convex and concave regions that resemble the shape of a saddle. An example of a saddle joint is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

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Ball-and-socket joints are multiaxial joints in which the spherical

articulating head of one bone fits into the rounded, cuplike socket of a second bone. Examples of ball-and-socket joints include the coxal and glenohumeral joints.

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1. A lever is an

elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum.

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Levers have the ability to

alter or change the speed and distance of movement produced by a force, the direction of an applied force, and the force strength. Movement occurs when an effort applied to one point on the lever exceeds a resistance located at some other point.

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The part of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort is called

the effort arm.

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The lever part from the fulcrum to the point of resistance is the

resistance arm.

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In the body, a long bone acts as a

lever, a joint serves as the fulcrum, and the effort is generated by a muscle attached to the bone.

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1. A first-class lever has a fulcrum in the

middle, between the effort and the resistance. An example of a first-class lever in the body is the atlanto-occipital joint of the neck.

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The resistance in a second-class lever is between

the fulcrum and the applied effort. Second-class levers are rare in the body, but one example is the plantar flexion of the foot so that a person can stand on tiptoe.

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A third-class lever is observed when the

effort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum. Third-class levers are the most common levers in the body; examples include the elbow joint and the temporomandibular joint.

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1. Gliding is a simple movement

in which 2 opposing surfaces slide slightly back-and-forth or side-to-side with respect to one another.The angle between the bones does not change, and only limited movement is possible in any direction.Gliding motion typically occurs along plane joints.

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Angular motion includes

flexion and extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction and adduction, and circumduction.

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flexion is movement in the

anterior-posterior plane of the body that decreases the angle between the bones; the opposite of flexion is extension.

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When a joint is extended more than 180 degrees, the movement is called

hyperextension.

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Lateral flexion occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a

coronal plane laterally away from the body.

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Abduction is a lateral movement of a body part

away from the body midline; the opposite of abduction is adduction.

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Circumduction is a sequence of movements

in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion, making an imaginary cone shape.

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Rotation is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns

on its own longitudinal axis..

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Lateral rotation turns the

anterior surface of a bone laterally.

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Pronation is the

medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly;

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supination occurs when the forearm rotates

laterally so that the palm is in the anatomical position.

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a. Depression

inferior movement of a part of the body

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Elevation

superior movement of a body part.

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Dorsiflexion

occurs when the talocrural (ankle) joint is bent such that the dorsum of the foot and toes moves toward the leg

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Plantar flexion

is a movement of the foot at the talocrural joint so that the toes point inferiorly.

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Inversion

occurs when the sole of the foot turns medially

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Eversion

occurs when the sole of the foot turns to face laterally.

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Protraction

anterior movement of a body part from the anatomic position

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Retraction

is the posteriorly directed movement of a body part from the anatomic position.

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Opposition

occurs at the carpometacarpal joint, when the thumb crosses the hand to grasp objects

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the opposite movement.

is the opposite movement.

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Reposition

is the opposite movement.

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1. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the

articulation formed at the point where the head of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone.

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A loose articular capsule surrounds the joint and promotes an extensive

range of motion.

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Inside the articular capsule is an articular disc that is a thick pad of

fibrocartilage separating the articulating bones and extending horizontally to divide the synovial cavity into two separate chambers; thus, the TMJ is really two synovial joints.

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The temporomandibular ligament is composed of

two short bands that extend inferiorly and posteriorly from the articular tubercle to the mandible.

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The TMJ exhibits

hinge, gliding, and some pivot joint movements.

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Created by: zachflemings