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Psy chapter 6
Psychology chapter 6
Term | Definition |
---|---|
learning | A relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience |
nonassociative learning | Responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event. |
associative learning | Linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together. |
observational learning | Acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior. |
habituation | A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus. |
sensitization | An increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus. |
classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) | A type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response. |
unconditioned response (UR) | A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex. |
unconditioned stimulus (US) | A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning. |
conditioned stimulus (CS) | A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place. |
conditioned response (CR) | A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned. |
acquisition | The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. |
extinction | A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus. |
spontaneous recovery | A process in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus. |
stimulus generalization | Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response. |
stimulus discrimination | A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus. |
Rescorla-Wagner model | A cognitive model of classical conditioning; it holds that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected. |
phobia | An acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation. |
operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) | A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future. |
law of effect | Thorndike’s general theory of learning: Any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again. |
reinforcer | A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. |
shaping | A process of operant conditioning; it involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior. |
positive reinforcement | The administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior’s being repeated. |
negative reinforcement | The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior’s being repeated. |
continuous reinforcement | A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. |
partial reinforcement | A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently. |
Fixed Interval Schedule (FI) | Occurs when reinforcement is provided after a certain amout of time has passed. |
Variable Interval Schedule (VI) | Occurs when reinforcement is provided after the passage of time, but the time is not regular. |
Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR) | Occurs when reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses have been made. |
Variable Ratio Schedule (VR) | Occurs when reinforcement is provided after an unpredicatable number of responses. |
Ratio Schedule | Based on the number of times the behavior occurs, as when a behavior is reinforced on every third or tenth occurrence. |
Interval schedule | Based on a specific unit of time, as when a behavior is reinforced when it is performed every minute or hour. |
Fixed schedule | Partical reinforcemennt also can be given on a predictable |
Variable schedule | Less predictable. |
partial-reinforcement extinction effect | The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement. |
positive punishment | The administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior’s recurring. |
negative punishment | The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior’s recurring. |
behavior modification | The use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones. |
cognitive map | A visual/spatial mental representation of an environment. |
latent learning | Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement. |
modeling | The imitation of observed behavior. |
vicarious learning | Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action. |
mirror neurons | Neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action. |