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ch1-4 anatomy
ch1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| density demonstrated on a film is | degree of blackening |
| contrast is primarily controlled by | kv |
| contrast is secondary controlling factor is | mAs |
| immobilization devices prevent what type of motion | volountary |
| short exposure controls what type of motion | involountary |
| if IR is angled at the head the angle is called | cephalic |
| who discovered x-rays and when | wilhelm conrad roentgen nov.8, 1895 |
| device that has lead shutters, restricts beam | collimator |
| what plane divides the body into right and left halves | midsagittal |
| which body habitus fits 35% of people | hyposthenic |
| what body habitus is 50%, muscular, longer lung field | sthenic |
| name a pivot joint | c1-c2, radioulnar |
| name position when x-ray tube is overhead and patient is lying on table in oblique position with right side closest to the table | RPO |
| what side of the patient is prodominently down during a lateral decubitus | left |
| external landmark of the iliac crest | L4-L5 |
| axial skeleton refers to what part of the skeleton | spine/ribs/skull |
| another term for AP oblique | LPO |
| left lateral decub could be | AP/PA projection |
| which geometric factors cause magnification or distortion | IR alignment, CR alignment, OID,SID |
| focal spot size is a controlling factor for what | resolution |
| smallest element of the matrix is a | pixel |
| why are the shoulders rolled forward on a PA chest | remove scapulas from lung field |
| in a PA chest CR is directed to level of | T-7 |
| why are chest X-rays done from a 72in distance | prevent magnification |
| you can detect rotation on a PA chest by | SCJ, distance from spinal processes to pedicles |
| rotation on a Lateral chest is determined by | left posterior ribs are longer than right posterior ribs |
| why is a PA upright preferred over AP upright | less heart magnification from PA |
| what is the range of kV for a chest radiograph | 100-130 kVp |
| the angle of the CR for a patient in a bed or wheel chair | sternum body |
| muscles located on either side of lumbar vertebral column that determines proper density on an abdomen | psoas muscles |
| a three way abdomen series consists of | AP upright w/40SID, AP supine w/40SID, erect chest 72SID |
| kVp range for abdomen radiograph is | 70-80 |
| what is an alternate abdominal image for a patient unable to stand for the upright | L lateral decub |
| what anatomy must be demonstrated on a supine abdomen that is not necessary demonstrated on the supine image | symphis pubis |
| where do you position the CR for a supine abdomen | Iliac crest |
| where do you position the CR for an upright abdomen | 2" above the iliac crest |
| radiographs of the abdomen are taken on what type of respiration | expiration |
| name the ten body systems and one function for each | endocrine hormones muscular postureskeletal support tissue integumentary skinreproductive reproduce organismrespiratory eliminates CO2digestive eliminates wasteurinary regulate fluid circulatory body tempnervous electric impulse |
| four classification of bones and example for each | long-humerus, femurshort-tarsals, carpalsflat-scapula, sternumirregular-pelvis,vertebrae |
| what part of the bone produces red blood cells | medullary |
| what are the primary and secondary growth centers | periosteum, secondary is ephysis until age 25 |
| classification of joint functions | synarthrosis-immovablamiarthrosis-limited movementdiathrosis-freely movable |
| classification of joint structures and examples | fibrous-(no movement)skull, roots of teethcartilaginous-(limited movement)ephysis,symphysis pubis,disk spacesynovial(contains fluid)-freely movable 1st carpometacarpal, interphalageal,hip |
| types of joint movements and example of anatomy demonstrating movement | plane-intercarpal joints, carpometacarpal hinge-elbow and 2-5 digitspivot-C1-C2, distal radioulnarellipsoidal-wristsaddle-1st carpalmetacarpal(thumb), ankleball-n-socket-shoulder, hipbicondylar-mandibular, knee |
| what is a projection | direction, path of central ray |
| what is a position | general body position, terms include planes or sections |
| term for image of anatomical parts | radiograph |
| minimum number of projections are | if joints are of interest 3, pelvis 1-unless hip injury, 2-for determining positioning routines |
| how are radiographs to be viewed | hang so patient is facing viewer in anatomical position, digits hung up, decubs with side up marker, |
| what are the exposure factors | kV, mA, exposure time |
| what is the purpose of compensating filters | filter out portion of primary beam to dense parts |
| controlling factors for contrast | scatter, close collimation, grids |
| what makes a long scale low contrast image | high kV |
| another name for sharpness and its controlling factors | resolution small focal spot, motion, SID,OID |
| if objects look misrepresented in size or shape they are and the controlling factors | distorted OID,SID,CR alignment |
| another name for density | blackness |
| what is the 15% rule | up your kV 15%, then 1/2 mAs |
| name 6 quality factors for digital | brightness-replaces densitycontrast-difference in light and dark areasresolution-sharpnessdistortion-SID,OID,CR alignmentExposur index-value recieved by IR (dependent on mAs,kV, area radiatedNoise-obsecures image clarity, high SNR is desirable |
| what are some post processing options on Digital | windowing-contrast&brightnesssmoothing-brightness, closer pixelsmagnification-magnifyedge-enhancement-increase brightnesssubtraction-cut off back round anatomyimage reversal-light-to-darkannotation-add text to image |
| cr system consists of | image plates, reader, workstation |
| digital imaging has more or less repeats | less, because radiograph can be manipulated by post processing options |
| three muscles visible on abdomen radiograph | 2-psoas muscles and diaphram |
| what are the major organs of the digestive system | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,small intestine,lg intestine |
| what major organs of the digestive system are also part of the respitory system | oral cavity and pharynx |
| pharynx turns into | esophagus |
| what are the accessory organs of the digestive system and their function | pancreas-produces insulinliver-produces bile, largest solid organ of bodygallbladder-stores bile |
| urinary system consists of | kidneys-eliminates excessive water from blooduteter-goes to bladderbladder-stores urineurethra-volountary controlsuprarenal glands |
| what are the seven landmarks for the abdomen | xiphoid process,inferior costal rib margin (t9-t10_,iliac crest L4-L5,ASIS,greater trochanter,symphis pubis, ischial turbosity |
| what is ascites | accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| post-op abdomen holds air for how long | 2-3wks after surgery |
| what projections for a 3-way acute series | AP supine,AP erect,PA chest |
| what projections for a 2-way acute series | AP supine,AP erect or L lateral decub |
| how many projections for a KUB, what is of interest for a KUB | 1, kidneys,uterer,bladder |
| name the nine regions | right hypochondriac, epigastric,L hypochondriacR lateral lumbar,umbilical,L lateral lumbarR iliac,hypogastric,L iliac |
| what is contained in the retroperitoneal cavity | adrenal glands,kidneys,pancreas,duodenum,ascending colon,descending colon,ureter |
| what is contained in the intraperitoneal cavity | liver,gallbladder,spleen,stomach,jejunum,ileum,cecum,transverse and sigmoid colon |
| what is contained in the infraperitoneal cavity | bladder,reproductive organs,rectum |
| three landmarks for a chest projection | C-7,jugular notch, xiphoid process |
| bony thorax consists of | sternum,manbrium,xiphoid process,2 clavicles,2 scapulae,twelve pair of ribs,twelve thoracic vertebrae |
| Respitory system is made of what four parts of anatomy | pharynx,trachea,bronchi,lungs |
| when diaphram moves down what happens to the volume of the thorax | increases |
| larynx is the voice box and what prominence | laryngeal |
| the thyroid is sensitive to exposure, why is it so unique | stores hormones,regulates metabolism,regulates body growth,and nervous system |
| bronch split at what level of thoracic vertabrae | T4 or T5 |
| the lowest margin of the separation of the trachea into R and L bronchi | carina |
| how many lobes in the right lung,and name them | 3, superior or upper,middle,inferior or lower |
| what is air or gas present in the pleural cavity called | pneumothorax |
| Pleura is made up of 3 parts | outer-parietal,middle-pleura cavity,inner-viscreal |
| upper area above clavicles | apex |
| Chest radiograph important structures | apex,sternoclavicular joints, hilum,diaphram,costaphrenic angles,heart |
| four radiographically important structures located inside the mediastinum are | thymus gland,heart and great vessels,trachea,esophagus |
| hearts location in reference to the sternum | body of sternum,or 5-8 thoracic vertabrae |
| how many ribs should be shown in an adult radiograph | 10 |
| what are some patient preparations | removal of opaque objects,remove long hair or braids form field,oxygen lines or leads should be removed from field |
| anything over a certain kVp requires a grid, what kVp | 100 |
| for geriatric patients a special consideration is necessary because they have shallow lung fields | higher CR location |
| if only 8-ribs are shown the exposure could have been taken on inspiration or expiration | expiration |
| three reasons chests are done erect | diaphram moves down-liver and other organs move down air and fluid levels visible-air rises, fluid gravitates to lowest positionprevent engorgement of vessels |
| what is kyphosis | hump back curvature |
| what is the purpose of chin extension | chin and neck not superimposed on uppermost lung region |
| CR location on a chest | hand spread methodmale 8in. and female 7in |
| what is atelectasis | collapse lung |
| increase exposure for these conditions | atelectasis,pleural effusion,RDS |
| where do you collimate | outer skin margins |
| what is in the RUQ | liver,gallbladder,R hepatic flexure,duodenum,head of pancreas,R kidney,R suprarenal gland |
| what is in the LUQ | spleen,stomach,L splenic flexure,tail of pancreas,L kidney,L suprarenal gland |
| what is in the RLQ | ascending colon,appendix,cecum,ileocecal valve,2/3 of ileum |
| what is in the LLQ | descending colon,sigmoid colon and 2/3 of jejunum |
| what is ileus | non mechanical bowel obstruction |
| anode heel effect basic concept | more intense under cathode |
| example of high contrast,short scale | 50kV 800mAs |
| how do you increase contrast | close collimation reduces scatter for better quality radiograph |
| body parts measuring over what require a grid | 10CM |
| what will happen on the sides of a radiograph if your focal spot is to large | penumbra-unsharp edges of objects |
| what are the exposure factors for pediatric patients | use pigg-o-stat,60-70 kV |
| summarize resolution factors | small focal spot,increase SID,decrease OID |
| the least amount of distortion is seen at | the CR |
| some advantages of DR over CR | DR eliminates cassettes,imaging processing is shorter,reduced exposure factors |
| what is the PACS | Picture,Archiving,Communication,Systemconnection of various equipment that are able to communicate and transmit images and information |
Created by:
mharvey
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