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PSYO121 Ch. 13

Social psychology

TermDefinition
Social psychology study of causes and consequences of sociality
Social behaviour how people interact with each other
Social influence ability to change or direct another person's behaviour
Social cognition process by which people come to understand each other
Ultrasocial form societies and divide labour, cooperate for mutual benefit
Problem of survival hurting or helping behaviour
Frustration-agression hypothesis animals aggress when their goals are frustrated
Cooperation behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
Group collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others
Prejudice positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership
Discrimination positive or negative behaviour toward another person based on their group membership
Stereotypes (cold/cognitive) set of cognitive generalizations (beliefs) about characteristics shared by members of a group - can be positive or negative (e.g females are bad drivers)
Prejudice (cognitive/affective) negative attitude (feeling) towards others because of their group membership (e.g. I don't like female drivers)
Discrimination (behaviour/action) negative behaviours towards others because of their group membership (personal or institutional) (e.g. I would not hire a female driver)
Common knowledge effect tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share (often unimportant); important info is only known to few (so often ignored)
Group polarization tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone; exposure to many opinions
groupthink tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
Deindividuation immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with personal values
diffusion of responsibility tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
social loafing tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone
bystander intervention act of helping strangers in an emergency situation; less likely to help as size of group increases
Altruism intentional behaviour that benefits another at a cost to oneself
kin selection process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
reciprocal altruism behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future (cooperation over time)
Situational factors best predictor of interpersonal relationships is proximity
mere exposure effect tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure
physical factors attraction; role of physical appearances
psychological factors attracted to similar people who share similar views as us
passionate love experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, intense sexual attraction
companionate love experience involving affection, trust, and concern for partner's well being
social exchange hypothesis people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits
Hedonic motive: pleasure vs. pain goal to create situations where others can achieve more pleasure by doing what we want them to do (e.g parents offer rewards and threaten punishments)
Approval motive: acceptance vs. rejection motivated to have others accept us, like us and approve of us
norms customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture
norm of reciprocity unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them
normative influence another person's behaviour provides information about what is appropriate
door in the face technique large request you know will be denied, then follow-up with a small request which will look good in comparison
conformity tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
obedience tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do
Accuracy motive right vs. wrong
attitude enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event (tells us what we should do)
belief enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event (tells us how to do it)
informational influence another person's behaviour provides information about what is true
persuasion person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
systematic appeals to reason; persuasion through strong arguments
heuristic appeals to habit or emotional persuasion through the use of shortcuts
cognitive dissonance unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs
stereotyping process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong
inaccurate acquiring an ability means either seeing something for ourselves or taking others word for it
overused humans are variable, stereotypes only give clues as to human characteristics
self-perpetuating why are stereotypes so hard to change?
self-fulfilling prophecy tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave
perceptual confirmation tendency for people to see what they expect to see
subtyping people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them
unconscious and automatic unconscious (unaware) and automatic (no control)
attributions inferences about causes of people's behaviours
covariation model deciding which attribution to make - consistency (does the person always do this), consensuality (are other people doing this), distinctiveness (does the person do other things like this)
correspondence bias tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution
Created by: 100003319108652
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