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PSYO121 Ch. 13
Social psychology
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Social psychology | study of causes and consequences of sociality |
Social behaviour | how people interact with each other |
Social influence | ability to change or direct another person's behaviour |
Social cognition | process by which people come to understand each other |
Ultrasocial | form societies and divide labour, cooperate for mutual benefit |
Problem of survival | hurting or helping behaviour |
Frustration-agression hypothesis | animals aggress when their goals are frustrated |
Cooperation | behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit |
Group | collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others |
Prejudice | positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership |
Discrimination | positive or negative behaviour toward another person based on their group membership |
Stereotypes (cold/cognitive) | set of cognitive generalizations (beliefs) about characteristics shared by members of a group - can be positive or negative (e.g females are bad drivers) |
Prejudice (cognitive/affective) | negative attitude (feeling) towards others because of their group membership (e.g. I don't like female drivers) |
Discrimination (behaviour/action) | negative behaviours towards others because of their group membership (personal or institutional) (e.g. I would not hire a female driver) |
Common knowledge effect | tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share (often unimportant); important info is only known to few (so often ignored) |
Group polarization | tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone; exposure to many opinions |
groupthink | tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony |
Deindividuation | immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with personal values |
diffusion of responsibility | tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way |
social loafing | tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone |
bystander intervention | act of helping strangers in an emergency situation; less likely to help as size of group increases |
Altruism | intentional behaviour that benefits another at a cost to oneself |
kin selection | process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives |
reciprocal altruism | behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future (cooperation over time) |
Situational factors | best predictor of interpersonal relationships is proximity |
mere exposure effect | tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure |
physical factors | attraction; role of physical appearances |
psychological factors | attracted to similar people who share similar views as us |
passionate love | experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, intense sexual attraction |
companionate love | experience involving affection, trust, and concern for partner's well being |
social exchange hypothesis | people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits |
Hedonic motive: pleasure vs. pain | goal to create situations where others can achieve more pleasure by doing what we want them to do (e.g parents offer rewards and threaten punishments) |
Approval motive: acceptance vs. rejection | motivated to have others accept us, like us and approve of us |
norms | customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture |
norm of reciprocity | unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them |
normative influence | another person's behaviour provides information about what is appropriate |
door in the face technique | large request you know will be denied, then follow-up with a small request which will look good in comparison |
conformity | tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it |
obedience | tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do |
Accuracy motive | right vs. wrong |
attitude | enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event (tells us what we should do) |
belief | enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event (tells us how to do it) |
informational influence | another person's behaviour provides information about what is true |
persuasion | person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person |
systematic | appeals to reason; persuasion through strong arguments |
heuristic | appeals to habit or emotional persuasion through the use of shortcuts |
cognitive dissonance | unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs |
stereotyping | process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong |
inaccurate | acquiring an ability means either seeing something for ourselves or taking others word for it |
overused | humans are variable, stereotypes only give clues as to human characteristics |
self-perpetuating | why are stereotypes so hard to change? |
self-fulfilling prophecy | tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave |
perceptual confirmation | tendency for people to see what they expect to see |
subtyping | people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them |
unconscious and automatic | unconscious (unaware) and automatic (no control) |
attributions | inferences about causes of people's behaviours |
covariation model | deciding which attribution to make - consistency (does the person always do this), consensuality (are other people doing this), distinctiveness (does the person do other things like this) |
correspondence bias | tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution |