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UE Muscles, etc.
Innervations, origins, insertions, spinal nerves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deltoid (Clavicular part) proximal attachment | lateral one third of clavicle |
| Deltoid (Acromial part) proximal attachment | acromion |
| Deltoid (Spinal part) proximal attachment | Scapular spine |
| Deltoid distal attachment | humerus- deltoid tuberosity |
| Deltoid innervation | axillary n. (C5, C6) |
| Deltoid (Clavicular part) action | flexion, internal rotation, adduction |
| Deltoid (Acromion part) action | abduction |
| Deltoid (Scapular spine) action | extension, external rotation, adduction |
| Supraspinatus proximal attachment | scapula- supraspinous fossa |
| Infraspinatus proximal attachment | scapula- infraspinous fossa |
| Teres minor proximal attachment | scapula- lateral border |
| Subscapularis proximal attachment | scapula- subscapular fossa |
| Supraspinatus distal attachment | humerus- greater tuberosity |
| Infraspinatus distal attachment | humerus- greater tuberosity |
| Teres minor distal attachment | humerus- greater tuberosity |
| Subscapularis distal attachment | humerus- lesser tuberosity |
| Supraspinatus innervation | suprascapular n. (C4-C6) |
| Infraspinatus innervation | suprascapular n. (C4-C6) |
| Teres minor innervation | axillary n. (C5, C6) |
| Subscapularis innervation | Subscapular n. (C5, C6) |
| Supraspinatus action | abduction |
| Infraspinatus action | external rotation |
| Teres minor action | external rotation, weak adduction |
| Subscapularis action | internal rotation |
| Pectoralis major (clavicular part) proximal attachment | clavicle- medial half |
| Pectoralis major (sternocostal part) proximal attachment | sternum and costal cartilages 1-6 |
| Pectoralis major (abdominal part) proximal attachment | rectus sheath- anterior layer |
| Pectoralis major (all parts) distal attachment | humerus- crest of greater tuberosity |
| Pectoralis major innervation | medial and lateral pectoral n. (C5-T1) |
| Pectoralis major action | adduction, internal rotation |
| Pectoralis major (clavicular, sternocostal parts) action | flexion; assist in respiration when shoulder is fixed |
| Coracobrachialis proximal attachment | scapula- coracoid process |
| Coracobrachialis distal attachment | humerus- in line with crest of lesser tuberosity |
| Coracobrachialis innervation | musculocutaneous n. (C6, C7) |
| Coracobrachialis action | flexion, adduction, internal rotation |
| Subclavius proximal attachment | 1st rib |
| Subclavius distal attachment | Clavicle- inferior surface |
| Subclavius innervation | N. to subclavius (C5, C6) |
| Subclavius action | steadies clavicle in sternoclavicular joint |
| Pectoralis minor proximal attachment | 3rd-5th ribs |
| Pectoralis minor distal attachment | coracoid process |
| Pectoralis minor innervation | medial and lateral pectoral n. (C6-T1) |
| Pectoralis minor action | draws scapula downward, causing inferior angle to moe posteromedially; roatates glenoid inferiorly; assists in respiration |
| Serratus anterior proximal attachment | 1st-9th ribs |
| Serratus anterior distal attachment | Scapula- medial border |
| Serratus anterior innervation | long thoracic n. (C5-C7) |
| Serratus anterior (superior part) action | arm adduction; draws scapula laterally forward; elevates ribs when shoulder is fixed |
| Serratus anterior (intermediate part) action | draws scapula laterally forward; elevates ribs when shoulder is fixed |
| Serratus anterior (inferior part) action | rotates scapula laterally;draws scapula laterally forward; elevates ribs when shoulder is fixed |
| Trapezius (descending part) proximal attachment | occipital bone; spinous process of C1-C7 |
| Trapezius (transverse part) proximal attachment | aponerousis at T1-T4 spinous processes |
| Trapezius (ascending part) proximal attachment | spinous process of T5-T12 |
| Trapezius (descending part) proximal attachment | clavicle- lateral one third |
| Trapezius (transverse part) distal attachment | acromion |
| Trapezius (ascending part) distal attachment | scapular spine |
| Trapezius (all parts) innervation | accessory n.- CN XI; brachial plexus- C3, C4 |
| Trapezius (descending part) action | draws scapula obliquely upward; rotates glenoid cavity superiorly; tilts head to same side and rotates it to opposite; steadies scapula on thorax |
| Trapezius (transverse part) action | draws scapula medially; steadies scapula on thorax |
| Trapezius (ascending part) action | draws scapula medially downward; steadies scapula on thorax |
| Levator scapulae proximal attachment | transverse process of C1-C4 |
| Levator scapulae distal attachment | scapula (superior angle) |
| Levator scapulae innervation | dorsal scapular n. (C4, C5) |
| Levator scapulae action | draws scapula mediallly upward while moving inferior angle medially; inclines neck to same side |
| Rhomboid minor proximal attachment | spinous process C6, C7 |
| Rhomboid minor distal attachment | medial border of scapula above scapular spine |
| Rhomboid major and minor innervation | dorsal scapular n. (C4, C5) |
| Rhomoid major and minor action | steadies scapula, draws scapula mediallly upward |
| Rhomboid major proximal attachment | spinous process of T1-T4 |
| Rhomboid major distal attachment | medical border of scapula below scapular spine |
| Latissimus dorsi (vertebral part) proximal attachment | spinous process of T7-T12 vertebrae; thoracolumbar fascia |
| Latissimus dorsi (scapular part) proximal attachment | scapula- inferior angle |
| Latissimus dorsi (costal part) proximal attachment | 9th-12th ribs |
| Latissimus dorsi (iliac part) proximal attachment | iliac crest- posterior one third |
| Latissimus dorsi (all parts) distal attachment | crest of lesser tuberosity of humerus- anterior angle |
| Latissimus dorsi (all parts) innervation | thoracodorsal n. (C6-C8) |
| Latissimus dorsi (all parts) action | internal rotation , adduction, extension, respiration- coughing |
| Teres major proximal attachment | scapula- inferior angle |
| Teres major distal attachment | crest of lesser tuberosity of humerus- anterior angle |
| Teres major innervation | lower subscapular n. (C5-C7) |
| Teres major action | internal rotation, adduction, extension |
| Biceps (long head) proximal attachment | supraglenoid tubercle of scapula |
| Biceps (short head) proximal attachment | coracoid process of scapula |
| Biceps (all heads) distal attachment | radial tuberosity |
| Biceps (all heads) innervation | musculocutaneous n. (C5-C6) |
| Biceps (all heads) action | elbow joint: flexion, supination shoulder joint: flexion; stabilization of humeral head during deltoid contraction; abduction and internal rotation of humerus |
| Brachialis proximal attachment | humerus- distal half of anterior surface) |
| Brachialis distal attachment | ulnar tuberosity |
| Brachialis innervation | musculocutaneous n. (C5, C6), radial n. (C7) |
| Brachialis action | flexion at elbow |
| Triceps brachii (long head) proximal attachment | scapula- infraglenoid tubercle |
| Trices brachii (medial head) proximal attachment | posterior humerus, distal to radial groove; medial intermuscular septum |
| Triceps brachii (lateral head) proximal attachment | posterior humerus, proximal to radial groove; lateral intermuscular septum |
| Triceps brachii (all heads) distal attachment | olecranon of ulna |
| Triceps brachii (all heads) innervation | radial n. (C6-C8) |
| Triceps brachii (all heads) action | elbow joint: extension; shoulder joint, long head: extension and adduction |
| Aconeus proximal attachment | later epicondyle of humerus (variance: posterior joint capsule) |
| Aconeus distal attachment | olecranon of ulna (radial surface) |
| Aconeus innervation | radial n. (C6-C8) |
| Aconeus action | extend elbow and tightens its joint |
| Pronator teres proximal attachment | humeral head: medial epicondyle; ulnar head: coronoid process |
| Pronator teres distal attachment | lateral radios (distal to supinator distal attachment) |
| Pronator teres innervation | median n. (C6, C7) |
| Pronator teres action | Elbow: weak flexion; forearm: pronation |
| Flexor carpi radialis proximal attachment | medial epicondyle of humerus |
| Flexor carpi radialis distal attachment | base of second meatcarpal (variance: base of third metacarpal) |
| Flexor carpi radialis innervation | median n. (C6, C7) |
| Flexor carpi radialis action | wrist: flexion and abduction (radial deviation) of hand |
| Palmaris longus proximal attachment | medial epicondyle of humerus |
| Palmaris longus distal attachment | palmar aponeurosis |
| Palmaris longus innervation | median n. (C7, C8) |
| Palmaris longus action | elbow: weak flexion; wrist: flexion tightens palmar aponeurosis |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris proximal attachment | humeral head: medial epicondyle; ulnar head: olecranon |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris distal attachment | pisiform, hook of hamate, base of fifth metacarpal |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris innervation | ulnar n. (C7-T1) |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris action | wrist: flexion, adduction (ulnar deviation) of hand |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis proximal attachment | humeral head: medial epicondyle; ulnar head: coronoid process |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis distal attachment | sides of middle phalanges of second to fifth digits |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis innervation | median n. (C8, T1) |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis action | elbow: weak flexion; wrist, MCP, PIP joints of second to fifth digits: flexion |
| Flexor digitorum profundis proximal attachment | ulna (two-thirds of flexor surface) and interosseous membrane |
| Flexor digitorum profundis distal attachment | distal phalanges of second to fifth digits (palmar surface) |
| Flexor digitorum profundis innervation | medial n. (C8, T1), ulnar n. (C8, T1) |
| Flexor digitorum profundis action | Wrist, MCP, PIP, DIP joints of second to fifth digits: flexion |
| Flexor pollicis longus proximal attachment | radius (midanterior surface) and adjacent interosseous membrane |
| Flexor pollicis longus distal attachment | distal phalanx of thumb (palmar surface) |
| Flexor pollicis longus innervation | median n. (C7, C8) |
| Flexor pollicis longus action | wrist: flexion and abduction (radial deviation) of hand; carpometacarpal of thumb: flexion; MCP and IP of thumb: flexion |
| Pronator quadratus proximal attachment | distal quarter of ulna (anterior surface) |
| Pronator quadratus distal attachment | distal quarter of radius (anterior surface) |
| Pronator quadratus innervation | median n. (C7, C8) |
| Pronator quadratus action | hand: pronation; distal radioulnar joint: stabilization |
| Brachioradialis proximal attachment | distal humerus (distal surface), later intermuscular septum |
| Brachioradialis distal attachment | styloid process of radius |
| Brachioradialis innervation | radial n. (C5, C6) |
| Brachioradialis action | elbow: flexion; forearm: semipronation |
| Extensor carpi radialis longus proximal attachment | lateral supracondylar ridge of distal humerus, lateral intermuscular septum |
| Extensor carpi radialis longus distal attachment | second metacarpal (base) |
| Extensor carpi radialis longus innervation | radial n. (C6, C7) |
| Extensor carpi radialis longus action | elbow: weak flexion; wrist: extension and abduction (radial deviation) |
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis proximal attachment | lateral epicondyle of humerus |
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis distal attachment | third metacarpal (base) |
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis innervation | radial n. (C6, C7) |
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis action | elbow: weak flexion; wrist: extension, abduction (radial deviation) |
| Extensor digitorum proximal attachment | common extensor head (lateral epicondyle of humerus) |
| Extensor digitorum distal attachment | dorsal digital expansion of 2nd through 5th digit |
| Extensor digitorum innervation | radial n. (C7, C8) |
| Extensor digitorum action | wrist: extension; MCP, PIP, DIP of 2nd to 5th digits: extension/abduction of fingers |
| Extensor digiti minimi proximal attachment | common extensor head (lateral epicondyle of humerus) |
| Extensor digiti minimi distal attachment | dorsal digital expansion of 5th digit |
| Extensor digiti minimi innervation | radial n. (C7, C8) |
| Extensor digiti minimi action | wrist: extension, ulnar abduction of hand; MCP, PIP, DIP of 5th digit: extension and abduction of 5th digit |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris proximal attachment | common extensor head (lateral epicondyle of humerus); ulnar head (dorsal surface) |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris distal attachment | base of 5th metacarpal |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris innervation | radial n. (C7, C8) |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris action | wrist: extension, adduction (ulnar deviation) |
| Supinator proximal attachment | olecranon, lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament of radius |
| Supinator distal attachment | radius (between radial tuberosity and insertion of pronator teres) |
| Supinator innervation | radial n. (C6, C7) |
| Supinator action | radioulnar joints: supination |
| Abductor pollicis longus proximal attachment | radius and ulna (dorsal surface, interosseous membrane) |
| Abductor pollicis longus distal attachment | base of 1st metacarpal |
| Abductor pollicis longus innervation | radial n. (C7, C8) |
| Abductor pollicis longus action | radiocarpal joint: abduction of hand; CM of thumb: abduction |
| Extensor pollicis brevis proximal attachment | radius (posterior surface), interosseous membrane |
| Extensor pollicis brevis distal attachment | base of proximal phalanx of thumb |
| Extensor pollicis brevis innervation | radial n. (C7, C8) |
| Extensor pollicis brevis action | radiocarpal joint: abduction (radial deviation); CM, MCP of thumb: extension |
| Extensor pollicis longus proximal attachment | ulna (posterior surface), interosseous membrane |
| Extensor pollicis longus distal attachment | base of distal phalanx of thumb |
| Extensor pollicis longus innervation | radial n. (C7, C8) |
| Extensor pollicis longus action | wrist: extension and abduction (radial deviation); CM of thumb : adduction; MCP, IP of thumb: extension |
| Extensor indicis proximal attachment | ulna (posterior surface), interosseous membrane |
| Extensor indicis distal attachment | posterior digital extension of 2nd digit |
| Extensor indicis innervation | radial n. (C7, C8) |
| Extensor indicis action | wrist: extension; MCP, PIP, DIP of 2nd digit: extension |
| Adductor pollicis proximal attachment | transverse head: 3rd metacarpal (palmar surface); oblique head: capitate bone, end and 3rd metacarpals (bases) |
| Adductor pollicis distal attachment | base of proximal phalanx via ulnar sesamoid |
| Adductor pollicis innervation | ulnar n. (C8- T1) |
| Adductor pollicis action | CMC of thumb: adduction; MCP of thumb: flexion |
| Abductor pollicis brevis proximal attachment | scaphoid boin and trapezium, flexor retinaculum |
| Abductor pollicis brevis distal attachment | base of proximal phalanx via radial sesamoid |
| Abductor pollicis brevis innervation | median n. (C8-T1) |
| Abductor pollicis brevis action | CMC of thumb: abduction |
| Flexor pollicis brevis proximal attachment | superficial head: flexor retinaculum; deep head: capitate bone, trapezium |
| Flexor pollicis brevis distal attachment | base of proximal phalanx via radial sesamoid |
| Flexor pollicis brevis innervation | median and ulnar nn. (C8-T1) |
| Flexor pollicis brevis action | CMC of thumb: flexion |
| Opponens pollicis proximal attachment | trapezium |
| Opponens pollicis distal attachment | 1st metacarpal (radial border) |
| Opponens pollicis innervation | median n. (C8-T1) |
| Opponens action | CMC of thumb: opposition |
| Opponens digiti minimi proximal attachment | hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum |
| Opponens digiti minimi distal attachment | 5th metacarpal (ulnar border) |
| Opponens digiti minimi innervation | ulnar n. (C8-T1) |
| Opponens digiti minimi action | opposition |
| Flexor digiti minimi proximal attachment | hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum |
| Flexor digiti minimi distal attachment | 5th proximal phalanx (base) |
| Flexor digiti minimi innervation | ulnar n. (C8-T1) |
| Flexor digiti minimi action | MCP joint pinkie: flexion |
| Abductor digiti minimi proximal attachment | pisiform |
| Abductor digiti minimi distal attachment | 5th proximal phalanx (ulnar base), dorsal digital expansion of 5th digit |
| Abductor digiti minimi innervation | ulnar n. (C8-T1) |
| Abductor digiti minimi action | MCP of pinkie: flexion, abduction; PIP, DIP of pinkie: extension |
| Palmaris brevis proximal attachment | palmar aponeurosis (ulnar border) |
| Palmaris brevis distal attachment | skin of hypothenar eminence |
| Palmaris brevis innervation | ulnar n. (C8-T1) |
| Palmaris brevis action | tightens aponeurosis |
| 1st and 2nd lumbricals proximal attachment | tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (radial sides) |
| 1st and 2nd lumbricals distal attachment | 2nd digit, 3rd digit respectively |
| 1st and 2nd lumbricals innervation | median n. (C8-T1) |
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th lumbricals action | 2nd to 5th digits: MCP-- flexion; proximal and distal IP-- extension |
| 3rd and 4th lumbricals proximal attachment | tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (bipennate from medial to lateral sides) |
| 3rd and 4th lumbricals distal attachment | 4th and 5th digit respectively |
| 3rd and 4th lumbricals innervation | ulnar n. (C8-T1) |
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th dorsal interossei innervation | ulnar n. (C8-T1) |
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th dorsal interossei action | 2nd to 4th digits: MCP-- flexion; proximal and distal IP-- extension and abduction from 3rd digit |
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th dorsal interossei proximal attachment | 1st and 2nd metacarpals, 2nd and 3rd metacarpals, 3rd and 4th metacarpals, 4th and 5th metacarpals respectively |
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th dorsal interossei distal attachment | 2nd digit, 2nd proximal phalanx (radial side); 3rd digit, 3rd proximal phalanx (radial side); 3rd digit, 3rd proximal phalanx (ulnar side); 4th digit, 4th proximal phalanx (ulnar side) respectively |
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th palmar interossei proximal attachment | 2nd metacarpal (ulnar side), 4th metacarpal (radial side), 5th metacarpal (radial side) respectively |
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th palmar interossei distal attachment | 2nd digit, 2nd proximal phalanx (base); 4th digit, 4th proximal phalanx (base); 5th digit, 5th proximal phalanx (base) respectively |
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th palmar interossei innervation | ulnar n. (C8-T1) |
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th palmar interossei action | 2nd, 4th, 5th digits: MCP-- flexion; proximal, distal IP-- extension and adduction toward 3rd digit |
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