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Learning-chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience. | Learning |
| Learning that certain events occur together. | Associative Learning |
| A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. | Classical Conditioning |
| The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. | Behaviorism |
| In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. | Unconditioned Response |
| In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. | Conditioned Response |
| In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response. | Unconditioned Stimulus |
| In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. | Conditioned Stimulus |
| In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. | Acquisition |
| A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus. | Higher-Order Conditioning |
| The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response ins no longer reinforced. | Extinction |
| The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | Spontaneous Recovery |
| The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. | Generalization |
| In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | Discrimination |
| Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. | Respondent Behavior |
| A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | Operant Conditioning |
| Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | Operant Behavior |
| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | Law of Effect |
| In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcfer. | Operant Chamber |
| An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. | Shaping |
| In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. | Reinforcer |
| Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. | Positive Reinforcement |
| Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. | Negative Reinforcement |
| An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. | Primary Reinforcers |
| A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. | Conditioned Reinforcers |
| Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. | Continuous Reinforcement |
| Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. | Partial Reinforcement |
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. | Fixed-Ratio Schedule |
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | Variable-Ratio Schedule |
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. | Fixed-Interval Schedule |
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. | Variable-Interval Schedule |
| An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. | Punishment |
| A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. | Cognitive Map |
| Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | Latent Learning |
| A desire to perform a behavior effectively effectively for its own sake. | Intrinsic Motivation |
| A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. | Extrinsic Motivation |
| Learning by observing others. | Observational Learning |
| The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. | Modeling |
| Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. | Mirror Neurons |
| Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. | Prosocial Behavior |
Created by:
tyler malone
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