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Ch. 7 Learning
Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a relatively permanent behavior change dtue to experience? | Learning |
| Learning that links 2 events together? | associative learning |
| behaviorism | |
| Automatically Learned? | unconditioned response (UR) |
| What would food be if the dog automatically started slobbering saliva? | unconditional stimulus (US) |
| A learned response? | conditional response (CR) |
| Saliva after it as a learned stimulus? | conditional stimulus (CS) |
| Initial learning? | acquisition |
| A new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus? | higher-order conditioning |
| A declining response? | extinction |
| The reappearnce of a weakened CR after extinction? | spontaneous recovery |
| The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS is called? | generalization |
| The learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli | discrimination |
| Actions that are automatic responses to stimulus | respondent behavior |
| Learn to associate a response and its consequences and thus repeat acts followed by good results | operant conditioning |
| the behavior that acts on the environment to produce a consequence | operant behavior |
| A principle associated with learning and behavior which states that behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated than behaviors that lead to unwanted outcomes. | law of effect |
| a laboratory apparatus used in the experimental analysis of behavior to study animal behavior. | operant chamber (Skinner box) |
| a conditioning procedure used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior. It was introduced by B.F. Skinner | shaping |
| stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it | reinforcer |
| The term reinforce means to strengthen, and is used in psychology to refer to anything stimulus which strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response | positive reinforcement |
| an increase in the future frequency of a behavior when the consequence is the removal of an aversive stimulus | negative reinforcement |
| Primary reinforcement is any form of reinforcement that the subject will naturally regard as satisfying. | primary reinforcers |
| _______ reinforcement is anything which the subject has to LEARN to regard as positive through experience. | conditioned reinforcers |
| an operant conditioning principle in which an organism is reinforced every single time that organism provides the appropriate operant response. | continuous reinforcement |
| partial intermittent reinforcement | |
| fixed ratio schedule | |
| variable ratio schedule | |
| fixed interval schedule | |
| In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response. | variable interval schedule |
| is any change in a human or animal's surroundings that occurs after a given behavior or response which reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future | punishment |
| a type of mental processing composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual can acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations | cognitive map |
| is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement to be applied later | latent learning |
| _____ refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades. | intrinsic motivation |
| ________ motivation refers to motivation that comes from factors outside an individual | extrinsic motivation |
| also called social learning theory, occurs when an observer’s behavior changes after viewing the behavior of a model. | observational learning |
| a method used in certain techniques of psychotherapy whereby the client learns by imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist | modeling |
| a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another | mirror neurons |
| behavior occurs when someone acts to help another person, particularly when they have no goal other than to help a fellow human. | prosocial behavior |
Created by:
mxer657
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