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Psychology Chp 7
Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a relatively permanent behavior change due to experience | Learning |
| learning that certain events occur together | associative learning |
| learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | classical conditioning |
| The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. | behaviorism |
| In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | unconditioned response |
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response. | unconditioned stimulus |
| The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioning) stimulus. | conditioned response |
| An orginally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. | conditioned stimulus |
| When one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response. | aquisition |
| A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus. | higher order conditioning |
| The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. | extinction |
| A reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | spontaneous recovery |
| The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. | generalization |
| In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and a stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | discrimination |
| Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | respondent behavior |
| A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | operant conditioning |
| Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | operant behavior |
| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | law of effect |
| In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key typing. | operant chamber |
| An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | shaping |
| strengthens the behavior it follows | reinforcer |
| encouragement, motivation, incentive, positive urging | positive reinforcement |
| reaction of placing and then removing all discomfort as a method of encouraging the continuation of the desired behavior | negative reinforcement |
| A biologically significant appetitive stimulus, such as food or water. | primary reinforcement |
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | |
| A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs only after a fixed number of responses have been made since the previous reinforcement (or the start of the session). | fixed ratio schedule |
| A schedule of reinforcement similar to a fixed-ratio schedule but characterized by a variable response requirement with a particular mean. | variable-ratio schedule |
| A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response that is made after a fixed interval of time since the previous reinforcement (or the start of the session) is reinforced. | fixed-interval schedule |
| A consequence that decreases the frequency of a response that is regularly and reliably followed by an aversive stimulus. | punishment |
| Collection of beliefs, experiences, and information that a person uses to orient himself or herself within an environment such as a social setting. | cognitive map |
| The type of learning that occurs, but you don't really see it (it's not exhibited) until there is some reinforcement or incentive to demonstrate it | latent learning |
| Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades. | intrinsic motivation |
| refers to motivation that comes from factors outside an individual. The motivating factors are external, or outside | extrinsic motivation |
| Learning through observing the kinds of consequences others (called models) experience as a result of their behavior. | observational learning |
| A relatively simple system that works on known principles and is able to do at least some of the things that a more complex system can do. | modeling |
| premotor neurons, originally discovered in the macaque brain , that discharge both during execution of goal-directed actions and during the observation of similar actions executed by another individual. | mirror neurons |
| when someone acts to help another person, particularly when they have no goal other than to help a fellow human. | prosocial behavior |
Created by:
LaurenWoods93
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