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Learning KLB
Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience. | Learning |
| Learning that certain events occur together. | Associative Learning |
| A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. | Classical Conditioning |
| The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most Research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). | Behaviorism |
| I classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | Unconditioned Response (UR) |
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response. | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
| in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | Conditioned Response (CR) |
| in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
| initial learning, of the stimulus-response relationship. | Acquisition |
| new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus. | Higher-order Conditioning |
| The diminishing of a conditioned response, response is no longer reinforced. | Extinction |
| the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | Spontaneous recovery |
| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. | Generalization |
| the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | Discrimination |
| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. | Respondent Behavior |
| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | Operant Conditioning |
| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | Operant Behavior |
| Thorndike's princible that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | Law Effect |
| a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. | Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) |
| reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. | Shaping |
| strengthens behavior it follows. | Reinforcer |
| increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.when presented after a response, it strengthens the response. | Positive Reinforcement |
| increasing behavior by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. | Negative Reinforcement |
| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. | Primary Reinforcers |
| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcers; also known as a secondary reinforcer. | Conditioned Reinforcers |
| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. | Continuous Reinforcement |
| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. | Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement |
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. | Fixed-Ratio schedule |
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | Variable-ratio schedule |
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. | Fixed-interval Schedule |
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. | Variable-interval Schedule |
| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. | Punishment |
| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. | Cognitive map |
| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | Latent Learning |
| a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. | Intrinsic Motivation |
| a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. | Extrinsic Motivation |
| learning by observing others. | Observational Learning |
| the process of observing an imitating a specific behavior. | Modeling |
| frontal love neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. | Mirror Neurons |
| positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior. | Prosocial Behavior |
Created by:
Katherine Burr
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