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Antibiotics
| Drug | Family | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| penicillin V | -cillin, Beta-Lactams, Natural Penicillins, Narrow G+ coverage, Limited G- activity, Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| amoxicillin | am- -cillin, Beta-Lactams, Aminopenicillins, Narrow G+ coverage, Enhanced G- activity, Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| ampicillin | am- -cillin, Beta-Lactams, Aminopenicillins, Narrow G+ coverage, Enhanced G- activity, Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| nafcillin | -cillin, Beta-Lactams, Antistaphs, Narrow MSSA, Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| piperacillin | -cillin, Beta-Lactams, Ureidopenicillins, Narrow G+ coverage, Greater G- activity, Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| imipenem/cilastatin | no root, Beta-Lactams, Carbapenams, Deactivated in kidney but more can be recovered when administered with cilastatin, Not orally active, Gram negative bacilli, anaerobes, and S. aureus | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| cefazolin | cef-, Beta-Lactams, Cephalosporins 1st Gen, G+ cocci, Limited G-, Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| cefotaxime | cef-, Beta-Lactams, Cephalosporins 3rd Gen, Better G- Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| ceftriaxone | cef-, Beta-Lactams, Cephalosporins 3rd Gen, Better G- Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| cephalexin | cef-, Beta-Lactams, Cephalosporins 1st Gen, G+ cocci, Limited G-, Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| aztreonam | no root, Beta-Lactams, Monobactams, Exclusively used against severe gram negative infections, esp those in the hospital. | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | am- -cillin, Beta-Lactams, Aminopenicillins, Narrow G+ coverage, Enhanced G- activity, Renally excreted unchanged, Clavuanic acid works to inhibit beta-lactamase | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| piperacillin/tazobactam | -cillin, Beta-Lactams, Ureidopenicillins, Narrow G+ coverage, Greater G- activity, Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
| ciprofloxacin | -floxacin, Fluoroquinolones 2nd Gen, Generally well-tolerated, damage to growing cartilage, possible tendonitis | Inhibit DNA gyrase in G- (relieves positive supercoiling) and/or topoisomerase IV in G+ (Involved in untying daughter DNA formed during replication). Leaves cell's DNA inaccessible and leads to cell death. |
| levofloxacin | -floxacin, Fluoroquinolones 3rd Gen, Generally well-tolerated, damage to growing cartilage, possible tendonitis | Inhibit DNA gyrase in G- (relieves positive supercoiling) and/or topoisomerase IV in G+ (Involved in untying daughter DNA formed during replication). Leaves cell's DNA inaccessible and leads to cell death. |
| nitrofurantoin | no root, Quinolones, Generally well-tolerated, damage to growing cartilage, possible tendonitis | Produce reactive oxygen species in bacteria. |
| sulfamethoxazole | sulfa-, Sulfonamide, Bacteriostatic | Inhibits dihydropteroate synthase and give a false metabolite. |
| Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) | no root, Combination makes both bactericidal | Inhibits dihydrofolate synthase (Tmp) and dihydropteroate synthase (Sulfa). |
| azithromycin | -omycin (for synthesis inhibitors), Protein synthesis inhibitors, Macrolides | Bind 23S rRNA at E site, halting translation |
| clarithromycin | -omycin (for synthesis inhibitors), Protein synthesis inhibitors, Macrolides | Bind 23S rRNA at E site, halting translation |
| erythromycin | -omycin (for synthesis inhibitors), Protein synthesis inhibitors, Macrolides | Bind 23S rRNA at E site, halting translation |
| fidaxomicin | -omycin (for synthesis inhibitors), Protein synthesis inhibitors, Macrolides | Bind 23S rRNA at E site, halting translation |
| doxycycline | Protein synthesis inhibitors | |
| chloramphenicol | Protein synthesis inhibitors, Bacteriostatic | |
| clindamycin | -omycin (for synthesis inhibitors), Protein synthesis inhibitors, Bacteriostatic | |
| gentamicin | -omycin (for synthesis inhibitors), Protein synthesis inhibitors, Aminoglycosides | Bind 16S ribosomal RNA portion of the bacterial ribosome. Result in blocking of initiation of translation, blocking of further translation once started, and induction of a conformation change that results in the incorporation of incorrect amino acid. |
| streptomycin | -omycin (for synthesis inhibitors), Protein synthesis inhibitors, Aminoglycosides | Bind 16S ribosomal RNA portion of the bacterial ribosome. Result in blocking of initiation of translation, blocking of further translation once started, and induction of a conformation change that results in the incorporation of incorrect amino acid. |
| neomycin | -omycin (for synthesis inhibitors), Protein synthesis inhibitors, Aminoglycosides | Bind 16S ribosomal RNA portion of the bacterial ribosome. Result in blocking of initiation of translation, blocking of further translation once started, and induction of a conformation change that results in the incorporation of incorrect amino acid. |
| tobramycin | -omycin (for synthesis inhibitors), Protein synthesis inhibitors, Aminoglycosides | Bind 16S ribosomal RNA portion of the bacterial ribosome. Result in blocking of initiation of translation, blocking of further translation once started, and induction of a conformation change that results in the incorporation of incorrect amino acid. |
| linezolid | Protein synthesis inhibitors | |
| isoniazid | Antimycobacterial, Used for TB, leprosy | Inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis, bactericidal for growing forms, bacteriostatic for resting forms. |
| rifampin | Antimycobacterial, Used for TB, leprosy | Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, blocking transcription |
| dapsone | Antimycobacterial, Used for leprosy | Antifolate, similar to sulfa drugs. |
| Vancomycin | Glycopeptides, Exclusively G+ bacteria (MRSA, MRSE, VRE), No use against G-, Only IV | Inhibits bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, binds to a peptide-lined cleft in peptidoglycan. |
| Metronidazole | Parasitic and bacterial infections. ESP c. diff. | Unknown, but thought to produce reactive oxygen species. |
| Polymyxin B | Cell wall disrupter, Limited to drug-resistant G- infections | Surface-active amphipathic molecules that disrupt plasma membrane |
| penicillin G | -cillin, Beta-Lactams, Natural Penicillins, Narrow G+ coverage, Limited G- activity, Renally excreted unchanged | Irreversible inhibition of PBPs that assist in formation and remodeling of bacterial cell wall. Inhibition leads to decreased cell wall synthesis and repair. Lysis due to osmotic pressure. |
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