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Learning_3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| appetitive conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that is usually considered pleasant and that an organism seeks out. |
| aversive conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that is usually considered unpleasant and that an organism avoids. |
| backward conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US. |
| classical conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning, respondent conditioning | A process whereby one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response. (3) |
| conditioned response (CR) | The response, often similar to the unconditioned response, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus. |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | Any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| conditioned suppression, conditioned emotional response (CER) | a conditioning procedure that stops or reduces responses to a previously trained conditioning (2) |
| delayed conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap. |
| dishabituation | The reappearance of a habituated response following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus. |
| elicited behaviors | Behaviors that are automatically drawn out by the stimuli that precede them. |
| excitatory conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US. |
| fixed action pattern, species-specific behavior | A fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus. (2) |
| flexion response | The automatic response of jerking one's hand or foot away from a hot or sharp object. |
| habituation | A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. |
| inhibitory conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US. |
| interstimulus interval (ISI) | In delayed conditioning, the time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the US. |
| opponent-process theory | The theory that an emotional event elicits two competing processes: (1) an a-process (primary process), which elicits (2) a b-process (opponent process) that serves to counteract the a-process. |
| orienting response | The automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus. |
| reactive effect | change in behavior resulting from monitoring behavior |
| reflex | A relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus. |
| reflex arc | A neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron. |
| responses during CS / responses during CS + responses preceding CS | suppression ratio formula |
| sensitization | An increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. |
| sign stimulus, releaser | A specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern. (2) |
| simultaneous conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simultaneous. |
| startle response | A defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus, which involves automatic tightening of skeletal muscles and various hormonal and visceral changes. |
| trace conditioning | Conditioning procedure in which the onset and offset of the NS precedes the onset of the US. |
| trace interval | In trace conditioning, the time between the offset of the NS and the onset of the US. |
| unconditioned response (UR) | The response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | A stimulus that naturally elicits a response. |
Created by:
Moody
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