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Psych Test 4 (final)
Psychotherapy pg. 691-704 (Lecture 47, continued, Cole)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cognitive approaches to psychotherapy focus on what? | The role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns. Therapists try to help clients discover and change the cognitions that underlie their problems. |
| Who are the 2 most influentiial figures in the cognitive approach to therapy? | Ellis and Beck |
| What therapy did Ellis develop? | Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) |
| What does A stand for in the ABCD model? Explain. | Activating event; the event (environmental) that seems to be trigger the emotion. |
| What does B stand for in the ABCD model? Explain. | Belief system; activated by A, it underlies the way in which a person appraises the event. |
| What does C stand for in the ABCD model? Explain. | Consequences; the behavioural and emotional consequences produced by B. |
| What does D stand for in the ABCD model? Explain. | Disputing; it is the key to changing maladaptive emotions and behaviours (B): disputing or challenging an erroneous belief system. |
| ABCD model (Ellis) | (A) The activating environmental event > (B) The beliefs that are activated by A > (C) The emotional and behavioural consequences produced by B > (D) The disputing and changing of B |
| Rational-emotive therapy | Therapists introduce common irrational ideas to clients and train them to ferret out the particular ideas that underlie their maladaptive emotional responses. Given homework assingments. Learn and practise cognitive coping responses |
| Cognitive Therapy (Beck) | Therapist helps client realize that their thoughts, not the situation, cause their maladaptive emotional reactions. |
| What did Meichenbaum develop? | Self-instructional training |
| Self-instructional training | A cognitive coping approach of giving adaptive self-instructions to one-self at crucial phases of the coping process. |
| What are the 3 main cognitive approaches to therapy for psychological disorders? Who came up with each? | 1. Rational-emotive therapy (Ellis) 2. Cognitive Therapy (Beck) 3. Mindfulness based cognitive-behavioural therapies |
| Behavioural therapy approaches to psychological disorders are based on what 2 statements? | 1. Behaviour disorders are learned in the same ways normal behaviours are 2. These maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned by by application of principles derived from research on classical conditioning and operant conditioning. |
| What are the 3 most commonly used classical conditioning procedures? | 1. Exposure therapies 2. Systematic desensitization 3. Aversion therapy |
| Exposure therapy | Reducing fear through a process of classical extinction of the anxiety response; exposure to the feared CS in the absence of the UCS while using response prevention to keep the operant avoidance from continuing. |
| Exposure | A behaviour therapy treatment in which clients are presented, either in vivo or in their imagination, with fear-inducing stimuli, thus allowing extinction to occur. |
| Response prevention | The prevention of escape or avoidance responses during exposure to an anxiety-arousing CS so that extinction can occur. |
| Flooding | A treatment in exposure therapy when a client is exposed to real-life stimuli. |
| Implosion therapy | A treatment in exposure therapy when a client is asked to imagine scenes involving the stimuli. |
| Systematic desensitization | An attempt to eliminate anxiety by using counterconditioning, in which a new response that is incompatible with anxiety is conditioned to the anxiety-arousing conditioned stimulus. |
| Who developed systematic desensitization? | Wolpe |
| Counterconditioning | The process of conditioning an incompatible response to a particular stimulus to eliminate a maladaptive response (ex: anxiety), as occurs in systematic desensitization. |
| Stimulus hierarchy | In systematic desensitization, the creation of a series of anxiety-arousing stimuli that are ranked in terms of the amount of anxiety they evoke. |
| In vivo desensitization | Carefully controlled exposure to a hierarchy of real-life situations. |
| What is the process of systematic desensitization? | Train client voluntary muscle relaxation > construct stimulus hierarchy > begin sessions relaxed > expose first scene of hierarchy for a few seconds > once client can relax while imagining scene for a long time, move onto next more anxiety-arousing one. |
| Aversion therapy | The pairing of a CS that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response with a noxious UCS in attempt to condition repulse toward the CS. |
| Explain the classical conditioning of an alcoholic during aversion therapy. | Alcohol (CS) is paired with nausea-iproducing drug (UCS) > Emotional response: conditioned anxiety response of disgust towards alcohol (CR) > desired outcome: reduced desire to drink at all. |
| Behaviour modification | Therapeutic procedures based on operant conditioning principles, such as positive reinforcement, operant extinction, and punishment. |
| Token economy | A procedure in which desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens or points that can later be redeemed for other reinforcers. |
| Who came up with the system of 'token economy'? | Allon & Azrin |
| Before using punishment as a therapeutic technique, what 2 questions do therapists contemplate? | 1. Are there alternative, less painful approaches that might be effective? 2. Is the behaviour to be eliminated sufficiently injurious to the individual or to society to justify the severity of the punishment? |
| Social skills training | A technique in which a client learns more effective social behaviours by observing and imitating a skillful model. |
| What are the 2 main midfulness-based approaches to behavioural therapy for psychological disorders? | 1. Acceptance and commitment therapy 2. Dialectical behaviour therapy |
| Mindfulness | A mental state of awareness, focus, openness, and acceptance of imm |
| What is an important tool for learning mindfulness which is included in mindfulness-based stress reduction? | Meditation technique; people develop a tranquil state and focus closely on their sensations, thoughts, and feelings, allowing them to come and go without a struggle. |
| MBRP | mindfulness-based relapse prevention |
| Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) | A therapy that focuses on the process of mindfulness as a vehicle for change; teaches clients to "just notice," accept, and embrace their thoughts and feelings to reduce the anxiety they would normally revoke. |
| Who developed Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)? | Hayes |
| Dialectical Behaviour therapy (DBT) | A cognitive-behavioural treatment developed specifically for borderline personality disorder. |
| Dialectical behaviour therapy was developed specifically to treat what disorder? | Borderline Personality disorder |
| Who developed Dialectical behaviour therapy? | Linehan |
| What are the 2 therapy sections that are among the most popular and effective approaches to psychological treatment? | Cognitive and behavioural |
| Exposure (from the classical conditioning therapy) may be provided in what 3 ways? | 1. In vivo (real life) 2. Through imagination 3. Through virtual reality |
| Modelling | An important component of social skills training programs; helps clients learn and rehearse more effective social behaviours. |
| What are the 3 behavioural therapies (and subcategories) for psychological disorders? | 1. Classical conditioning (exposure, systematic desensitization, aversion therapy) 2. Operant conditioning (positive reinforcement, punishment) 3. Modelling (social skills training) |
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jarnol33
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