Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Feb2018DrMcCreary
Exam2studyguideTest2/19/2018
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four separate volumes the lungs are divided into for PFT? | Lung Volumes, Lung Capacities, Lung Volumes Obstructive, Lung Volumes Restrictive |
| What are the Lung Volumes? | Vt, IRV, ERV, and RV |
| What is TV? | Tidal Volume: volume of gas that normally moves into and out of lungs in one quiet breath. |
| IRV | Inspiratory Reserve Volume: volume of air that can be forcefully inspired after a normal TV (Vt) |
| ERV | Expiratory Reserve Volume: volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal TV (Vt). |
| RV | Residual Volume: Amount of air remaining in lungs after forced exhalation. |
| What are the Lung Capacities? | TLC, IC, FRC, VC, RV/TLC Ratio |
| TLC | Total Lung Capacity: Max. amt of air that lungs can accommodate. |
| IC | Inspiratory Capacity: Volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation. |
| FRC | Functional Residual Capacity: Lung Volume at rest after normal exhalation. |
| VC | Vital Capacity: Volume of air that can be exhaled after a max. inspiration. |
| RV / TLC .Ratio | Residual Volume / Total Lung Capacity Ratio: Percentage of TLC occupied by RV. |
| What happens to lung volumes in Obstructive Diseases? | VT= N or ↑ IRV=N or ↓ ERV=N or ↓ RV=↑ |
| What happens to lung capacities in Obstructive Diseases? | VC=↓ IC=N or ↓ RV/TLC%=N or ↑ FRC=↑ TLC=N or ↑ |
| Lung Volume and Capacity Characteristics of Obstructive Diseases? | Inflammation & swelling of peripheral airways, Excessive mucus, Bronchial airway obstruction, destruction/weakening of distal airways, smooth muscle constriction of airways |
| What happens to lung volumes and capacities in Restrictive Diseases? | All are decreased except RV/TLC% is Normal |
| Lung Volume and Capacity Characteristics of Restrictive Diseases? | Lung compression, atelectasis, consolidation (WBC's), calcification, fibrosis, tumors, and cavitations (lung abscess). |
| FEVt | Forced Expiratory Volume Timed: Max volume of gas that's exhaled over specific time. FEV1 is most common |
| FEV1/FVC Ratio or FEV1% | Forced Expiratory Volume 1sec / Forced Vital Capacity Ratio: Compares amt of air exhaled in 1 sec to total amt exhaled during FVC. |
| FEF25%-75% | Forced Expiratory Flow 25%-75%: average flow during middle 50% of FVC: Evaluates SMALL airways. |
| FEF200-1200 | Forced Expiratory Flow 200-1200: measures average flow between 200ml-1200ml of FVC: Evaluates LARGE airways. Normal = 8L/sec or 480L/min |
| PEFR | Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (aka PFR): measures max flow during FVC. Evaluates LARGE airways. Use with Peak flow meter. Normal = 10L/sec or 600L/min |
| MVV | Maximum Voluntary Ventilation: Measures largest volume of gas breathed voluntarily in and out of lungs in 1 minute. |
| FET | Forced Expiratory Time: Measures the time to exhale forcefully thru mouth from TLC; helps RT to screen effectiveness of Bronchodilator |
| What is the Flow Volume Loop? | Graph with flow rate measurements; Upper half is Max forced expiration, Lower half is max forced inspiration. |
| What happens to Flow Volume Loop in Obstructive conditions? | Will produce a flow volume loop with "scooped out" appearance on upper half |
| What happens to Flow Volume Loop in Restrictive conditions? | Will produce a flow volume loop that is a "small version" of normal loop |
| What are the PFT expiratory findings in Obstructive disease? | FVC ↓, FEVt ↓, FEF25-75 ↓, FEF200-1200 ↓, PEFR ↓, MVV ↓, FEF50 ↓, FEV1% ↓ (so ALL decreased) |
| (PFT) Expiratory Findings Characteristics in Obstructive? | Chronic inflammation/swelling of peripheral airways, Excessive mucus, tumor in bronchus, destruction/weakening of distal airways, and smooth muscle constriction |
| What are the PFT expiratory findings in Restrictive disease? | FVC ↓, FEVt N or ↓, FEF25-75 N or ↓, FEF200-1200 N, PEFR N, MVV N or ↓, FEF50 N, FEV1% N or ↑ (so all normal or decreased except FEV N or ↑ |
| (PFT) Expiratory Findings Characteristics in Restrictive? | Atelectasis, Consolidation, and ↑ AC Membrane thickness |
| Why use Radiographs? | Diagnosing Lung disorders, extent and location of disease, and evaluating subsequent progress of disease |
| Fundamentals of Radiology | 1) ability to penetrate matter depends on the density 2) dense objects absorb more & are white to light 3) less dense objects do not absorb x-rays & are dark to black |
| PA upright position | PosteroAnterior (PA): taken on full inspiration; x-ray cassette in front of pt |
| Lateral positions | Right lung & heart, cassette on right side. Left lung & heart, cassette on left side. If neither specified, taken on left. |
| Upright positions | PA=posteroanterior and Lateral, left or right |
| Supine positions | AP=Anteroposterior and Lateral Decubitus |
| AP Supine position | Anteroposterior (AP): only if immobile; x-ray cassette is behind pt |
| Lateral Decubutus | Diagnosis: Fluid in pleural space (pleural effusion) which is gravity dependent |
| Sequence of Exam? | 1) Mediastinum 2) Lung Perenchyma 3) Pleura 4)Diaphragm 5)Gastric air bubble 6) Bony Thorax AND 7)extrathoracic soft tissue |
| Parts of mediastinum | Trachea, carina, major bronchi, heart, hilar region, and major blood vessels (aortic arch & SVC) |
| Trachea on X-ray | Translucent (darker) column overlying the vertebral column |
| Carina on X-ray | The trachea goes into the rt and lft bronchus |
| Heart on X-ray | Right: upper bulge is SVC/lower bulge is right atrium. Left: superior bulge is aorta, middle bulge is main pulm art, and inferior bulge is left ventricle. |
| Hilar Region on X-ray | Left hilum is 2cm higher than right |
| Lung Parenchyma X-ray | Absence of vascular markings = Pneumothorax, pneumonectomy, overexposed x-ray. Excessive vascular markings = fibrosis, interstitial/alveolar edema, lung compression, underexposed x-ray |
| Pleura on X-ray | Peripheral = thickening, fluid, air, and lesions; Costophrenic angles = blunted = pleural effusion |
| Diaphragm on X-ray | Both hemi's domed shape, right is 2cm higher than left (6th rib), if flattened, means pneumothorax |
| Elevated Hemi? | Excess gas, collapse of middle or lower lung lobe, pulmonary infection, phrenic nerve damage, spinal curvature. |
| Gastric Air Bubble | Under left hemidiaphragm |
| Contents of Bony Thorax | ribs, vertebrae, clavicles, sternum & scapulae. If intercostal too close = loss of muscles, intercostal space too far apart = COPD |
| Extrathoracic soft tissue | Tissue surrounding chest; Emphysema if air present. |
| Factors that PUSH or PULL anatomic structures? | Atelectasis, fibrosis, pneumonectomy, pneumothorax. distented gastric air bubble, neoplasm, fluid. gas, tumors, or mass outside the lung in the mediastinum. |
| Mediastinum: PULLED to normal side (away from problem)? | pulmonary atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, or pneumoectomy |
| Mediastinum: PUSHED to normal side (away from problem)? | fluid, gas (pneumothorax), neck or thyroid tumors, large mediastinal mass. |
| Hemi shifted: PULLED UP | atelectasis or fibrosis |
| Hemi shifted: PUSHED DOWN | pneumothorax |
| Hemi shifted: PUSHED UP | distended gastric bubble |
| Horizontal fissure: Being PULLED down? | Right middle lobe or right lower lobe atelectasis |
| Horizontal fissure: Being PUSHED down? | neoplasm (outside lung) |
| If lung shifted: Causes to be PULLED to abnormal side (toward problem)? | lung collapse, atelectasis, fibrosis (inside lung) |
| If lung shifted: Causes to be PUSHED to normal side (away from problem)? | Tension pneumothorax, hemothorax |
| Radiolucent | Dark pattern (air); normal for lungs |
| Radiodense | White pattern, solid or fluid; Diagnosis: normal for bones and organs |
| Infiltrate | Any ill defied white area; Diagnosis: atelectasis |
| Consolidation | Solid white area; Pneumonia / pleural effusion |
| Hyperflucency | extra pulmonary air. Diagnosis: COPD, Asthma attach, Pneumothorax |
| Vascular markings | lymphatics, vessels, tissue; ↑ with CHF and none if pneumothorax |
| Diffuse | spread throughout; Diagnosis: atelectasis / pneumonia consolidation |
| Opaque | fluid or solid. |
| Bilateral | on both sides |
| Unilateral | on one side |
| Fluffy Infiltrates | Diffuse whiteness; pulmonary edema |
| Butterfly/batwing pattern | Infiltrate butterfly shaped; Diagnosis: pulmonary edema |
| Patchy infiltrates | scattered densities; Diagnosis: atelectasis |
| platelike infiltrates | thin-layered densities; Diagnosis: atelectasis |
| Ground glass appearance | Reticulogranular. Diagnosis: ARDS / IRDS |
| Air Bronchogram | Pneumonia |
| Peripheral wedge-shaped infiltrate | Pulmonary Embolism |
| Concave superior border | Diagnosis: pleural effusion |
| basilar infiltrates with menisus | Diagnosis: pleural effusion |
| CT Scan | Computed Tomography Scan; transverse cross sectional images |
| PET Scan | Positron Emission Tomography; shows metabolic activity of tissues or organs by giving off "hot spots". Diagnosis: cancerous lesions |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging; transverse, sagittal, or coronal cross sectional images |
| Pulmonary Angiography | useful in identifying pulmonary emboli or arteriovenous malformations |
| V/Q Scan | Ventilation/Perfusion Scan; Diagnosis: pulmonary embolism |
| Fluroscopy | motion pictures of the chest used only in select cases (because emits large doses of x-rays) |
| Bronchography | x-ray of tracheobronchial tree. Diagnosis: bronchogenic carcinoma AND/or bronchiectasis |
| Air Cyst | thin-walled radiolucent (dark) area surrounded by normal lung tissue |
| Bleb | Superficial air cyst, protruding into the pleura; aka bullae |
| bullae | large, thin-walled radiolucent (dark) area. aka bleb |
| Cavity | Radiolucent (dark) area surrounded by dense (white) tissue. Diagnosis: hallmark of a lung abscess |
| consolidation | Solid white area. Diagnosis: Pneumonia / Pleural Effusion |
| Homogeneous density | Uniformly dense (white). Diagnosis: solid tumors, fluid containing cavity, or fluid in pleural space. |
| honeycombing (honeycomb pattern) | Reticulogranular: Diagnosis: Pneumoconiosis, ARDS, IRDS |
| Infiltrate | any ill defined white pattern. Diagnosis: atelectasis |
| Interstitial density | density caused by interstitial thickening |
| lesion | Alteration of tissue or loss of function of a part |
| Opaque | Fluid or solid. Diagnosis: consolidation |
| Pleural density | radiodensity (white) caused by fluid, tumor, inflammation, or scarring |
| Pulmonary Mass | Lung lesion>/= 6 cm. Dense (white) tissue; pulmonary tumor |
| Pulmonary nodule | Lung lesion < 6 cm. |
| Translucent (translucency) | Permits x-ray light to pass thru; usually darker areas of x-ray |
Created by:
Beccaboop
Popular Respiratory Therapy sets