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Psych Test 4 (final)
Personality pg. 549-573 (Lecture 37, Quinlan)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personality | Biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within a person that account for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and acting. |
| What are the 3 characteristics of behaviours that are attributed to personality? | 1. Compenents of identity (distinguish one person from another) 2. Perceived internal cause (behaviours caused by internal rather than environmental factors) 3. Perceived organization and structure ( behaviours "fit together" in a meaningful fashion) |
| What 3 ways make a theory scientifically useful? | 1. Provides a comprehensive framework within which known factors can be incorporated. 2. Allows us to predict future events with some precision. 3. Stimulates the discovery of new knowledge. |
| What do psychodynamic theorists look for? | The causes of behaviour in a dynamic interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another. |
| What do psychodynamic theorists focus on specifically? | Unconscious determinants of behaviour. |
| What did Freud conclude from his Psychonanalytic Theory? | An unconscious part of the mind exerts great influence on behaviour. |
| Psychoanalysis theory (3 points) | 1. A theory of personlality 2. An approach to studying the mind 3. A method for treating psychological disorders |
| Psychic energy | Generated by instinctual drives, this energy powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect release (Ex: sex drive --> direct sexual activity or indirect sexual fantasies or painting, etc.). |
| What are the 3 mental events within the mind? | 1. Conscious 2. Preconscious 3. Unconscious |
| Conscious mind | Mental events that we are presently aware of. |
| Preconscious mind | Memories, thoughts, feelings and images that we are unaware of at the moment but that can be called into conscious awareness (Ex: 16th birthday). |
| Unconscious mind | Dynamic realm of wishes, feelings and impulses that lie beyond our awareness. Discharged only through dreams, slips of the tongue, or some disguised behaviour. |
| According to Freud, what are the 3 seperate but interacting strcutures of personality? | 1. id 2. ego 3. superego |
| Id | Primitive and unconscious part of the personality that contains the instincts. |
| Ego | The "executive" of the personality that is partly conscious and that mediates among the impulses of the id, the prohibitions of the superego, and the dictates of reality. |
| Superego | The moral arm of the personality that internalizes the standards and values of society and serves as the person's conscience. |
| Pleasure principle | The drive for instant need gratification that is characteristic of the id. |
| Reality principle | The ego's tendency to take reality into account and to act in a rational fashion in satisfying needs. |
| Defence mechanisms | |
| Repression | |
| Why are people usually unaware that they are using self-deception to control anxiety? | Beceause defense mechanisms operate unconsciously. |
| According to Freud, what is a primary cause of maladaptive or dysfunctional behaviour? Why? | Excessive reliance on defence mechanisms, because it causes denial or distortion of reality. |
| Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development | Children pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which the id's pleasure-seeking tendencies are focused on erogenous zones. |
| Erogenous zones (give 2 examples) | Specific pleasure-sensitive areas of the body Ex: Anus --> toilet training Ex: Genitals --> developing mature social and sexual relationships |
| What are the 5 stages of Freud's psychosexual development theory? | 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
| What are the 8 psychoanalytic ego defence mechanisms? | 1. Repression 2. Denial 3. Displacement 4. Intellectualization 5. Projection 6. Rationalization 7. Reaction formation 8. Sublimation |
| Repression | Active defensive process. Anxiety-arousing impulses or memories are pushed into the unconscious mind. |
| Repression example | A person who was sexually abused in childhood develops amnesia for the event. |
| Denial | Person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. Denial may involve either the emotions connected with the event or the event itself. |
| Denial example | A man who is told he has terminal cancer refuses to consider the possibility that he will not recover. |
| Displacement | An unacceptable or dangerous impulse is repressed, then directed at a safer substitute target. |
| Displacement example | A man who is harassed by his boss experiences no anger at work, but then goes home and abuses his wife and children. |
| Intellectualization | The emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed, and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event. |
| Intellectualization example | A person who has been rejected in an important relationship talks in a highly rational manner about the "interesting unpredictability of love relationships." |
| Projection | An unacceptable impulse is repressed, then attributed to (projected onto) other people. |
| Projection example | A woman with strong repressed desires to have an affair continually accuses her husband of being unfaithful to her. |
| Rationalization | A person constructs a false but plausible explanation or excuse for an anxiety-arousing behaviour or event that has already occurred. |
| Rationalization example | A student caught cheating on an exam justifies the act by pointing out that the professor's tests are unfair and, besides, everybody else was cheating too. |
| Reaction formation | An eanxiety-arousing impulse is repressed, and its psychic energy finds release in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour. |
| Reaction formation example | A mother who harbours feelings of hatred for her child represses them and becomes overprotective of the child. |
| Sublimation | A repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable or even admired behaviour. |
| Sublimation example | A man with strong hostile impulses becomes an investigative reporter who ruins political careers with his stories. |
| How did Freud test his ideas (2 ways)? | 1. Case studies 2. Clinical observations |
| Why did Freud oppose experimental research? | He believed he couldn't test his ideas under such controlled conditions. |
| Neoanalysts | Psychoanalysts who disagreed with certain aspects of Freud's thinking and developed their own theories. |
| Name 3 major neoanalysts. | 1. Alfred Adler 2. Erik Erickson 3. Carl Jung |
| What are 2 main criticisms of Freud's theories? | 1. Did not give an important enough role to social and cultural factors 2. Laid too much emphasis on the events of childhood as determinants of adult personality |
| What is Erik Erickson's opinion on the importance of childhood experiences? | Believed that personality development continues throughout the lifespan - it is not all a result of childhood experiences. |
| What 2 motives did Alfred Adler believe in in contrast to Freud's believed motives (inborn sexual and aggressive instincts and drives)? | 1. Social interest 2. Striving for superiority |
| Social interest | The desire to advance the welfare of others (care about others, cooperate with them, place general social welfare above selfish personal interests). |
| Striving for superiority | Drives people to compensate for real or imagined defects in themselves and to strive to be ever mroe competent in life. |
| Who developed the theory of analytic psychology? How does it relate to Freud's theories? | Carl Jung It is an expansion of Freud's notion of the unconscious. |
| Analytic psychology | Jung believed that humans possess not only a personal unconscious based on their life experiences, but also a collective unconscious that consists of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race. |
| Archetypes | Innate concepts and memories (ex: God, the hero, the good mother); memories that reside in the collective unconscious. Relates to Jung's theory. |
| Object relations | The images or mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experience with caregivers. |
| What are the 3 major adult attachment styles? | 1. Secure 2. Avoidant 3. Anxious-ambivalent |
| What is the major downfall of the psychoanalytic theory? | Many psychoanalytic hypothesis are untestable (especially behavioural predictions). |
| Self-actualization | In humanistic theories, an inborn tendencies to strive toward the realization of one's full potential. |
| Who developed the Personal Construct Theory? | George Kelly |
| Personal constructs | The cognitive categories used to sort events and make comparisons among people and events. Used in Kelly's personality theory. |
| Who developed Fixed Role Therapy and what is it? | Kelly wrote role descriptions and behavioural scripts for his clients that differed from their typical views of themselves (ex: a shy person is asked to play the role of a confident, assertive person for a few days). |
| Who developed the Self Theory? | Carl Rogers |
| Humanistic theories | Embrace a positive view that affirms the goodness of the human spirit; emphasis on the central role of conscious experience and inborn striving for self-actualization. |
| Self-concept (self) | In Roger's theory, an organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself. |
| Self-consistency | An absence of conflicts among self-perceptions. |
| Congruence | Consistency between self-perceptions and experience. |
| Self-esteem | How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves. |
| WShat are 5 common traits of people with high self-esteem? | 1. Less susceptible to social pressure. 2. Fewer interpersonal problems. 3. Happier with their lives. 4. Achieve at a higher and more persistent level. 5. More capable of forming satisfying love relationships. |
| What are 4 common traits of people with low self-esteem? | 1. More prone to psychological problems (depression, anxiety). 2. More prone to physical illness. 3. More prone to poor social relationships. 4. More prone to underachievement. |
| How does self-esteem and expressivity connect? Why? | High self-esteem = high expressivity Low self-esteem = low expressivity Because expressive behaviours leave one vulnerable to rejection. |
| Need for positive regard | An innate need to be positively regarded by others and by oneself. |
| Unconditional positive regard | A communicated attitude of total and unconditional acceptance of another person that conveys the peron's intrinsic worth (ex: a parent's unconditional love and given acceptance towards their child). |
| Conditional positive regard | A communicated attitude of conditional acceptance of another person; attitude towards another dependent on their behaviour (ex: love and acceptance given only to the child when the child behaves as the parents wants). |
| Need for positive self-regard | In Roger's personality theory, the psychological need to feel positively about oneself that underlies self-enhancement behaviours. |
| Conditions of worth | Internalized standards of self-worth fostered by conditional positive regard from others. |
| Fully functioning persons | Roger's term for self-actualized people who are free from unrealistic conditions of worth and who exhibit congruence, spontaneity, creativity, and a desire to develop still further. |
| Self-verification | The tendency to try to verify or validate one's existing self-concept; that is, to satisfy congruence needs. |
| Self-enhancement | Processes whereby one enhances positive self-regard. |
| North America and Northern Europe place an emphasis on what in regards to culture, gender, and the self? What kind of culture does this represent? | Independence and personal attainment. Individualistic culture. |
| Asia, Africa and South America place an emphasis on what in regards to culture, gender, and the self? What kind of culture does this represent? | Connectedness between people and the achievement of group goals. Collectivistic culture. |
| Gender schemas | Organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviours that are appropriate and expected for males and females. |
| Trait theorists (3 steps) | 1. Describe the basic classes of behaviour that define personality 2. Devise ways of measuring individual differences in personality traits 3. Use these measures to understand and predict a person's behaviour |
| Factor analysis | A statistical technique that oermits a researcher to reduce a large number of measure to a small number of clusters or factors; it identifies the clusters of behaviour or test scores that are highly correlated with one another. |
| According to Cattell, how many basic behaviour factors are there? | 16 |
| Who came up with the 16PF and what does the acronym stand for? | Cattell. 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. |
| Name 5 of the 16 behaviour factors from Cattell's personality test (16PF). | 1. Reserved vs outgoing 2. Submissive vs dominant 3. Less intelligent vs more intelligent 4. Trusting vs suspicious 5. Practical vs imaginative 6. Timid vs. venturesome 7. Relaxed vs. tense 8. Uncontrolled vs controlled ... |
| Who developed the Extraversion-Stability Model? | Eysenck |
| What are the 2 basic dimensions of personality according to Eysenck? | 1. Introversion- extraversion 2. Stability-instability |
| Extraversion | Tendency to be sociable, active, and willing to take risks. |
| Introversion | Tendency toward social inhibition, passivity, and caution. |
| Psychoticism (according to Eysenck) | Someone who is creative and has a tendency towards non-conformit, impulsivity, and social deviance. |
| What is the 3rd dimension of Eysenck's Extraversion-Stability Model? | Psychoticism - self-control |
| OCEAN | Oppenness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. |
| What are the "Big Five" from the Five Factor Model? What do they represent? | 1. Oppenness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism Represent personality factors and their behaviours (personality test). |
| What are the 3 biological explanations for personality differences? | 1. Differences in the nervous system 2. Genes 3. Evolutionary principles |
| According to biological foundations, how does Eysenck explain introversion? | Introverts are chronically overaroused. Their brains are too electrically active, so they minimize stiumlation and reduce arousal to get down to their optimal arousal level, or "comfort zone". |
| According to biological foundations, how does Eysenck explain extroversion? | Extraverts are chronicqally underaroused. They need powerful or frequent stimulation to achieve an optimal level or cortical arousal and excitation. Thus seeks social contact, likes parties, takes chances, is assertive, and readily suffers from boredom. |
| Self-monitoring | A personality trait that reflects people's tendencies to regulate their social behaviour in accord with situational cues as opposed to internal values, attitudes, and needs. |
| What 3 factors make it difficult to predict, on the basis of personality traits, how people will behave in particular situations? | 1. Personality traits interact with other traits and with characteristics of different situations 2. Consistency across situations is influenced by how important a specific trait is 3. People differ in tendency to tailor behaviour to certain situations |
| What is Burns and Seligman's study? | Analyzed diaries written by elderly people 50 years earlier and found within their lives a positive tendency to respond with either optimism or pessimism to negative life events. |
| What did Allport accomplish? | He went through the English Dictionary and recorded all the words that could be used as personality traits (approx. 18 000). |
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jarnol33
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