Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
HPsych- Chapter 2:NS
HPsych- Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| reflex model | stimulus--> receptor--> afferent (sensory) neurons--> interneurons (CNS)--> Efferent (motor) neurons--> muscles/glands |
| All or none law | stimulus intensity has no effect on the magnitude of the action potential |
| Excitatory synapse | activates the next cell in line |
| Inhibitory synapse | deactivates the next cell in line |
| Acetylcholine | released by motor neurons to stimulate muscles, blocked by curare and sped up by black widow venom |
| dopamine | arouses many parts of the brain, schizophrenia is caused by an oversensitivity to it and Parkinson's is caused by an insufficient amount |
| Norepinephrine | used by neurons which arouse body and mind, amphetamines (speed) stimulate its release |
| Endorphins | similar in structure to opiates, when released by special brain cells, it disrupts messages from pain receptors, involved in the placebo effect and acupuncture, both terminated by naloxone |
| somatic nervous system | sensory and motor function, primarily of skin and skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | controls viscera; sensory nerves carry impulses from visceral organs to the medulla and hypothalamus, and motor nerves carry impulses out |
| Sympathetic nervous system | prepares body for vigorous activity; because it expends energy, it is called a catabolic system |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Controls organs under normal circumstances, and is antagonistic to the sympathetic nervous system; since it conserves energy, it is an anabolic system |
| spinal cord | transmits sensory and motor information to and from the brain and body |
| Subdivisions of the brain | hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex |
| Parts of the hindbrain | medulla, pons, cerebellum |
| medulla | vegetative functions including respiration, heart beat, and blood pressure |
| pons | eye movement, chewing, and facial muscle control |
| cerebellum | balance and motor coordination |
| midbrain | auditory and visual relay, reflex, or control functions; controls some motor reactions, reticular system found here |
| reticular system | arousal (sleep/wake) function, runs through the brainstem from the medulla and the thalamus |
| parts of the forebrain | diencephalon, telencephalon |
| parts of the diencephalon | thalamus, hypothalamus |
| hypothalamus | biological functions like eating, sex, etc. and other homeostatic functions (blood pH, water, etc.); helps regulate the endocrine system via the Pituitary gland |
| thalamus | large relay center forwarding sensory input to the cortex and motor output to the body, involved in recognition of sensory stimuli |
| parts of the telencephalon | limbic system, cerebrum |
| limbic system | closely tied to the hypothalamus, involved with controlling emotion and motivation, some learning memory |
| cerebrum | the rest of the forebrain, including an olfactory lobe in some species and left and right cerebral hemispheres, folds and wrinkles found in higher-order animals |
| Corpus callosum | connects the left and right hemispheres and integrates their function |
| basal ganglia | helps organize muscle contractions (Parkinson's affects this structure) |
| lobes of the cerebral cortex | occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal |
| occipital lobes | vision |
| temporal lobes | hearing, some vision and memory, olfaction |
| parietal lobes | sensations like pain, cold, heat, touch, and body movement |
| frontal lobe | back area is the motor cortex controlling body movement, the largest areas of which are devoted to the hands and face; the other parts are involved in processes such as the association of ideas, planning, self-awareness, and emotion |
| apraxias | action disorders, sequential motor actions disrupted, components (like the sequence of walking) are randomly ordered; damage occurs adjacent to the motor area |
| agnosia | perceptual disorders, sensory distortion |
| visual agnosia | visual elements may be recognized but not seen as a recognized whole |
| prosopagnosia | difficulty in face recognition |
| aphasias | language disruption |
| expressive aphasia | may destroy speech or writing, or in less severe cases, produce an apraxia, like verbal disorder where words in a sentence are randomly ordered; caused by injury to Broca's area |
| receptive aphasia (esp. language aphasia) | speech not understood, comprehension suffers as does ability to express a response; other left hemisphere locations in the temporal and parietal lobes may produce this effect after injury, but Wernicke's area seems central |
| epilepsy causes | caused by birth or head injury, nervous system infections, metabolic or nutritional disorders, or no apparent cause. |
| cerebral palsy | chronic, nonprogressive disorder causing lack of muscle control and other symptoms depending on severity |
| Parkinson's Disease causes | caused by progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia, which controls smooth muscle activity. decreased dopamine production may be a factor |
| cerebral palsy causes | Usually caused by oxygen deprivation during birth, severe accident, or physical abuse |
| epilepsy | seizures vary from barely noticeable (spacing out) to violent convulsions |
| Multiple Sclerosis | myelin degenerates from the brain, causing paralysis, sensory problems, and mental deterioration. symptoms may come and go initially, but eventually progress |
| Myasthenia Gravis | defective transmission of signals to muscles, possibly because of a neurotransmitter problem |
| Huntington's disease | hereditary, dominant gene, causing genetically based damage to brain cells and resulting physical and mental deterioration, shows up later in life |
| Poliomyelitis | a virus attacks spinal motor nerves. since higher regions of the cord control upper parts of the body, etc., the location of injury determines the effect (para or quadriplegia) |
| Paraplegia and Quadriplegia | loss of 2 (legs/arms) or 4 (legs and arms incontinence) limbs |
| adolescence (in a neurological sense) | a time of brain development in which by age 16, people have adult information processing and logical reasoning, yet much poorer judgement |
| Brain's Cognitive Control Network | develops from preadolescence to mid-20's, increases impulse control, emotional regulation, foresight, planning ahead, and reasoning |
Created by:
Jean-O
Popular Psychology sets