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U of A Psych 104
Terms and study material for U of Alberta Psychology 104
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| PSYCHOLOGY | The scientific study of mind and behavior. |
| MIND | Our Private Inner Experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings. |
| BEHAVIOUR | Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals. |
| NATIVISM | The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn. (Plato) |
| PHILOSOPHICAL EMPIRICISM | The philosophical view that knowledge is acquired through experience. (Aristotle) |
| PHRENOLOGY | A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain. (Francis Gall) |
| PHYSIOLOGY | The study of biological processes, especially in the human body. |
| STIMULUS | Sensory input from the environment. |
| REACTION TIME | The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus. (Hermann Helmholtz) |
| CONSCIOUSNESS | A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind. |
| STRUCTURALISUM | The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind. (Wilhelm Wundt) (Edward Tichener) |
| INTROSPECTION | The subjective observation of one's own experience. (Raw perspective) (Wilhelm Wundt) |
| FUNCTIONALISUM | The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment. (William James) |
| NATURAL SELECTION | The features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely then other features to be passed on to subsequent generations. (Charles Darwin) |
| ILLUSIONS | Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality. |
| GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY | A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather then the sum of the parts. |
| DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER | A condition that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct identities within the same individual. |
| HYSTERIA | A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences. |
| UNCONSCIOUS | The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
| PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY | An approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. (Sigmund Freud) |
| PSYCHOANALYSIS | A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders. |
| HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY | An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. |
| BEHAVIORISM | An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior. (Skinner) |
| RESPONSE | An action of physiological change elicited by a stimulus. |
| PRINCIPLE OF REINFORCEMENT | The consequences of a behavior that determin whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again. (Pleasure or Pain) (Skinner) |
| COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY | The scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought memory, and reasoning. (Realized by modeling after computer processes) |
| BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCINECE | An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes. |
| COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE | A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity. |
| EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY | A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection. (Rooted in Charels Darwin's theory of NATURAL SELECTION) |
| SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY | A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior. |
| CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY | The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members. |
| DULALISM | Descartes argued that the body and mind are fundamentally different things. That the body is made of material substance, whereas the mind is made up of immaterial or spiritual substance. (Rene Descartes) |
| "The mind is what the brain dose" | Tomas Hobbs |
| "The whole is greater then the sum of it's parts" | Max Werthereimer (Gestalt: German for whole) |
| Who threw the MIND out of psychology? | Watson (studying behavior was more concrete when observed and could be replicated) |
| What two approaches us INTROSPECTION? | STRUCUALISM, FUNCTIONALISM (Structuralism being stricter of the two) |
| What was the propose of the "Skinner's Box"? | To study the concept of REINFORCEMENT (How animals acted and learned in a prepared environment) |
| Skinner was known for what approach to psychology? | Behaviorism |
| EMPIRICISM | Originally a Greek school of medicine that stressed the importance of observation, and now generally used to describe any attempt to acquire knowledge by observing objects or events. |
| METHOD | A set of rules and techniques for observation that allow researchers to avid the illusions, mistakes, and erroneous conclusions that simple observations can produce. |
| OPERATIONAL DEFINITION | A description of an abstract property on terms of a concrete condition that can be measured. |
| MEASURE | A deceive that can detect the measurable events to which an operational definition refers. |
| ELECTROMYOGRAPH (EMG) | A device that measures muscle contraction under the surface of a person’s skin. |
| VALIDITY | The characteristics of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it. |
| CONSTRUCT VALIDITY | The tendency for an operational definition and a property to have a clear conceptual relation. |
| PREDICTIVE VALIDITY | The tendency for an operational definition to be related to other operational definitions. |
| RELISBILITY | The tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing. |
| POWER | The tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things. |
| CASE METHOD | A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual. |
| POPULATION | The complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured. |
| SAMPLE | The partial collection of people who actually were measured in a study. |
| LAW of LARGE NUMBERS | A statistical law sating that as sample size increases, the attributes of a sample will more closely reflect the attributes of the population from which it was drawn. |
| FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION | A graphical representation of the measurements of a sample that are arranged by the number of times each measurement was observed. |
| NORMAL DISTIBUTION | A frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the mean and fall off towards the tails, and the two sides of the distribution are symmetrical. |
| MODE | The “most frequent” measurement in a frequency distribution. |
| MEAN | The average of the measurements in a frequency distribution. |
| MEDIAN | The “middle” Measurements in a frequency distribution. Half the measurements in a frequency distribution are greater than or equal to the median and half are less than or equal to the median. |
| RANGE | The numerical difference between the smallest and largest measurements in a frequency distribution. |
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coldsteel
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