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Pharmacodynamics-DPA
Duke PA pharmacodynamics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is EC? | Effective concentration - potency. |
| What is EC50? | 50 |
| What is efficacy? | Maximal effect of drug - ceiling effect |
| What is ADR? | harm caused by drug @ normal dose w/ normal use |
| What is ADE? | Injury resulting from use of drug |
| What is the criteria for true ADR? | 1. Reasonable temporal sequence 2. Known response pattern 3. Improvement on dechallenge 4. Reappearance on rechallenge |
| Definte cause-effect in ADR | meets criteria 1-4 |
| Probable cause - effect in ADR | meets criteria 1,2,3 |
| Possible cause - effect in ADR | 1,2 |
| Conditional cause - effect in ADR | 1 |
| Doubtful cause - effect in ADR | does not meet any criteria |
| What are the four types of drug allergies? | 1. Immediate or Anaphylactic 2. Cytotoxic 3. Immune complex 4. Delayed-hypersensitivity |
| What antibodies mediate type 1 allergy? | IgE |
| What antibodies mediate type 2 allergy? | IgG and IgM - target cells in circulatory system |
| What antibodies mediate type 3 allergies? | IgG - destructive inflammatory response |
| What type of cells are activated in type 4 allergy? | Memory T-cells - active & produce inflammatory response |
| Additive | 1+1 = 2 |
| Syngergistic | 1+1=3 |
| Potentiation | 0+1=2 |
| Antagonism | 1+1=0 |
| What 3 factors is pediatric dosing based on? | age, weight or surface area |
| Body water in peds vs. adults | increased body water |
| body fat in peds vs. adults | decreased body fat |
| What happens to Vd in neonates for water soluble drugs? | Increased Vd |
| What happens to Vd in neonates for lipid soluble drugs? | decreased Vd |
| Drug biotransformation in neonates | Decreased for most drugs |
| Drug biotransformation ages 1-5 | increases (can exceed adults) |
| Drug biotransformation after puberty | declines to adult values |
| At what age are Phase I reactions mature? | 6 months |
| At what age are Phase II reactions mature? | a few years |
| Neonatal kidney function | immature - increased t1/2 of various drugs |
| gastric pH in elderly? | increased |
| acid secretory capacity in elderly? | decreased |
| GI blood flow in elderly? | decreased |
| Total body water in elderly? | decreased |
| Total body fat in elderly? | increased |
| Lean mass in elderly? | decreased |
| Vd in elderly for water soluble drugs? | decreased |
| Vd in elderly for lipid soluble drugs? | increased |
| Serum albumin in elderly? | decreased 15-20 |
| Hepatic function inelderly? | declines |
| Phase 1 in elderly? | decreased |
| Phase II in elderly? | little change |
| Renal function in elderly? | declines starting @ age 30 |
| What is Beers' criteria? | criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use in adults 65 years and older |
| GI motility in pregnancy? | reduced |
| gastric pH in pregnancy? | increased |
| maternal plasma volume in preg.? | increases 40-50 |
| plasma albumin in pregnancy? | decreased |
| renal blood flow & GFR in pregnancy? | increased |
| What is a teratogen? | agent that can cause malformations of an embryo or fetus |
| What is pregnancy category A? | well controlled studies - no fetal risks |
| What is preg. Category B? | animal studies - no risk, no trials in women |
| What is preg. Category C? | animal stuides adverse fetal effects, no trials in women |
| What is preg. Category D? | Some fetal risk, benefits may outweigh risk, warn patient. |
| What is preg. Category X? | fetal abnormalities - extreme risk, no benefit worth risk |
Created by:
ges13
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